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Diversity of freshwater epigean amphipods
Rutová, Tereza ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Sacherová, Veronika (referee)
Gammarids, the most diverse group of Amphipoda are present in marine, brackish and fresh waters. In freshwater there are forms inhabiting the surface (epigean) and underground (hypogean) habitats and this thesis will be focused on epigean freshwater groups. Freshwater gammarids inhabit the continental waters of all continents, but the highest species diversity is evident in the Palearctic region. However they cannot be found in the surface waters of the tropical regions. These amphipods are characterized by the absence of any resistant or larval stages. Thus the present diversity and distribution reflects historical events like the fluctuation in sea levels, orogeny or period of glaciation from the Paleocene to the present. The goal of this thesis will be to summarize which processes and in which period the diversity of freshwater epigean amphipods were affected. One part of this thesis is dedicated to the families occurring in Australia (Chiltonidae), New Zealand (eg. Phreathogammaridae) and the North and the South America (Hyalellidae). The main focus is on family Gammaridae in which according to recent studies should include lineages occurring in the entire Palearctis including endemic groups in the Lake Baikal and across the Ponto-Caspian area. In the history of the development of gammarids...
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Lineage distribution of the Gammarus fossarum species complex (Amphipoda) across Bohemian Massif and Western Carpathians
Rutová, Tereza ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Hulva, Pavel (referee)
Amphipods are an important component of temperate permanent freshwater macrozoobenthos. They have poor dispersal abilities, lack dormant stages, and their phylogeographies often reflect old historical processes. The genus Gammarus itself includes more than 200 described species spread in the Palearctic region. Many of the taxa previously described are, in fact, diversified species complexes, which is case of our most common Gammarus (G. fossarum). We have studied their diversity on the transect across the Bohemian Massif and the Western Carpathians, which form a significant biogeographical boundary for a number of other organisms. We tested whether the border between these areas is reflected in the phylogeography of G. fossarum as a representative of permanent aquatic fauna. Analysis of two mitochondrial markers revealed the presence of eight divergent G. fossarum lineages, which also differed in the nuclear genome. All eight lineages were found in the Western Carpathians, while the Czech Massif is inhabited only by two. The microendemic areas of some lineages and the occurrence of two apparently basal lineages of this complex, which were not found in southern regions, support the hypothesis that these amphipods survived Pleistocene glacial cycles even in West Carpathian refuges. We assume that...
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Diversity of freshwater epigean amphipods
Rutová, Tereza ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Sacherová, Veronika (referee)
Gammarids, the most diverse group of Amphipoda are present in marine, brackish and fresh waters. In freshwater there are forms inhabiting the surface (epigean) and underground (hypogean) habitats and this thesis will be focused on epigean freshwater groups. Freshwater gammarids inhabit the continental waters of all continents, but the highest species diversity is evident in the Palearctic region. However they cannot be found in the surface waters of the tropical regions. These amphipods are characterized by the absence of any resistant or larval stages. Thus the present diversity and distribution reflects historical events like the fluctuation in sea levels, orogeny or period of glaciation from the Paleocene to the present. The goal of this thesis will be to summarize which processes and in which period the diversity of freshwater epigean amphipods were affected. One part of this thesis is dedicated to the families occurring in Australia (Chiltonidae), New Zealand (eg. Phreathogammaridae) and the North and the South America (Hyalellidae). The main focus is on family Gammaridae in which according to recent studies should include lineages occurring in the entire Palearctis including endemic groups in the Lake Baikal and across the Ponto-Caspian area. In the history of the development of gammarids...
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