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Possible ratings for photographs
Kubát, Petr ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
This thesis addresses the question of the perception of photographs. It is based on the work of R. Greene and A. Oliva (2008) and further expands it. These authors investigated which global properties people identify on photographs of natural scenes and how consistent their evaluation of these properties is. In this paper I used general photographs without any thematic limitations. In the first part of the research I examined what global properties people determine during a quick viewing of a general photograph. The obtained general properties (movement limitation and fun) were added to the properties found in R. Greene's and A. Oliva's work. In the second part of the research I used a computer program for hierarchical grouping to determine how consistent the rating of these global properties is when different people rate the photographs. The resulting consistency is expressed as the average of all interobserver correlations for a given property. The experiment revealed that the transience property has the highest consistency rate (r=0,516), followed by movement in the scene (r=0,457) and openness (r=0,450). Fun (r=0,283) and navigability (r=0,245) exhibit the lowest rate of consistency. Lower concordance observed with general photographs is in my opinion caused by the higher complexity of the...
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Integration of Method of Explication and Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Method on the Level of Theory and Application
Plachý, Jakub ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
In this thesis, two qualitative methods based on phenomenology are introduced at the theoretical level - the Method of Explication (EM) and the Descriptive Phenomenological-Psychological Method (DFPM). EM assists the researcher in obtaining qualitative data, while DFPM is adapted to process it. The integration of these methods thus seems to be a way to overcome the incompleteness and limitations of solely EM or DFPM application. The next section, therefore, introduces the Attention-Description-Ideation-Application method (ADIA) based on the integration of EM and DFPM. The most important contribution of the new ADIA method is the detailed practical guidance that a researcher can follow to explore their own direct experience with the world - the researcher can become the subject of their own psychological research. The emerging method was used from the outset to examine the author's own experience of basic military training (BMT), leading to a constant review of the theoretical and methodological conclusions about 3PA and to improvements in its structure. The results of this research are presented at the end of this thesis which has a dual focus and potentially two benefits: on the one hand, it suggests a relatively comprehensive 3PA method designed for direct experience research, while secondly...
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Smell tests in Alzheimer's disease diagnostics and their cognitive correlates
Vaškovicová, Michaela ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Krámská, Lenka (referee)
This thesis is focused on the use of olfactory tests in neuropsychological diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease and on the cognitive correlates of these tests. The literature review briefly summarizes current knowledge of the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease and its dynamically developing criteria. Attention is also paid to the olfactory impairment that occurs during the course of this disease, as well as to specific psychophysical olfactory tests. The research part summarizes the results of research within the grant GACR 17-05292S, 01. 01. 2017 - 31. 12. 2019 - New blood biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis and course of Alzheimer's disease held at the Psychiatric Clinic of the First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital. The exploratory analysis examines possible cognitive correlates of the olfactory Sniffin' Sticks test. Practical experience with olfactory test is evaluated in the discussion. Keywords Alzheimer's disease, olfactory deficit, smell tests, Sniffin'-Sticks, neuropsychological diagnostics
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Sledování očních pohybů ve virtuální realitě
Jirásek, Jozef ; Brom, Cyril (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
In this work we present an application for observing and recording data about movements of a human eye when looking at a computer screen. We use two commercially available devices: I4Control by Medicton Group Ltd. and TrackIR 4 by NaturalPoint. We build a software package which interfaces with the SpaNav system for cognitive research. We also provide an extensible framework for creating other eye tracking applications.
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Activity of V1 neurons after presentation of novel class of stimuli: comparision with experimental data
Machálek, Jiří ; Brom, Cyril (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Neurons in visual cortex areas V1 and V2 are selective to the shape of stimulus. Almost all present theories and models assume that variability to the shape of stimuli to which the neurons are selective is very low - preferred shapes are typically only bars and edges. However recent study (Hegdé and Van Essen) showed that is not true { single neurons prefer wide range of shapes. This work replicates the study in current computational models of cortical areas V1 and V2 (for example LISSOM) and compares results with experimental data. It shows that examined models develope neurons preferring these complex shapes rarely or just for a part of stimuli set.
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Self-control: disentanling inhibition and initiation
Kucharský, Šimon ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Self-control is usually defined as a unit in a regulatory cycle process. As such, it can be used for inhibition of urgent need or overriding impulsive responses, but it can also mean that person can engage in a behavior which is aversive at the moment. Contemporary the most influential is strength model of self-control that envisages one general and limited source of energy for every act of self-control. According to this model, after depleting this energy, one's ability to control his or her behavior or thought is impaired, even in domains that does not relate to the cause of the depletion. However, there has been substantial criticism of this model recently - regarding theoretical implausibility, possible bias in literature (or even manipulated results) and also growing body of evidence that is not in line with the model. Because of that, there are attempts to alter or dismiss the model. One of the possible updates is distinguishing between two domains of self-control (inhibition and initiation). This thesis overviews body of recent findings about self-control and proposes experimental design which could serve to verify hypothesis of existence of two independent domain of self- control. Limits of this approach and suggestions for future research are also discussed. Keywords: Self-control, ego...
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Conservatism and liberalism - an outdated concept?
Pour, Marek ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Conservatism and liberalism in american psychological reasearch is mostly described as unidimensional scale which clearly divides ideology into two opposite ideological standpoints. However, current relevant studies show that unidimensional approach to study ideology is overly simplified. Linking ideological orientation and personal traits seem to bring about contradicting results. In a similar way, relevant psychological instruments for measuring conservatism seem to measure two relatively independent aspects of conservatism. It is apparent mostly from large population studies, that ideological orientation is more complex than it may appear. Specific agendas stemming from their respective ideological directions are for a large part of population relatively uncorrelated with their overall ideological self- identification. Multidimensional models of conservatism and liberalism using at least social and economic agenda therefore seem as a more useful way to describe political orientation for most of the population. Empirical part of the study proposes a partial replication of two relevant studies to test a thesis of similar multidimensionality of the left-right ideological orientation scale in czech population. This could at the same time provide a relevant american-czech comparison.
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Living nature in the third grade
Pokorná, Daniela ; Klusák, Miroslav (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The paper deals with "living nature", how it is presented at school to the third graders, how children deal with examining, and what kind of mistakes they make. It comes out form the observation during lectures, dialogues with teacher and analyses of the tests. Piaget's works The Childs Conception of the World, The Psychology of the Intelligence and The Psychology of the Child were used as a theoretical base. Three main reasons for mistakes emerged from this research. First children have problems with the terminology, naming of objects, either brand new words or new content of familiar words. Second problem is different experience of each child. And finally, logical and infralogical mental operation which are quite new and difficult for children but important for organizing our surrounding world. Through acquiring of this topic at school children learn how to reason what is alive and why, what the typical characteristics of life are, so they can leave their child animism and egocentric way of understanding the world.
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Personality Predictors of Conservatism, Liberalism and Authoritarianism
Pour, Marek ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Bahbouh, Radvan (referee)
Broadly defined political ideology: Liberalism, Conservatism and Right-wing authoritarianism - often percieved as identical, are concepts dominantly used by researchers as descriptors of two distinct groups of people. However, this ideological understanding stems from overly generalized conclusions of current research: Empirically defined Social and Economic dimension of ideology is better described by two negatively correlated factors than one broad conservatism factor. Social and Economic conservatism and Authoritarianism are rather distinct concepts with specific personality and demographic correlates. Social and Economic ideology is - in part contrary to expectations - mostly predicted by Openness to Experience, Extraversion and Emotional stability. Economic conservatism differs from other ideological dimensions being mostly predicted by Income and Education. Social conservatism differs from Authoritarianism being predicted by Age. Moreover, in contrast with Authoritarianism, Economic and Social conservatism are both connected to unique opposite interactions of Income and Openness to Experience. Keywords Social and economic ideological dimensions, Authoritarianism, Personality predictors
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