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Up-to-date technology for energy utilisation of biomass and waste
Krňávek, Martin ; Frýba, Lukáš (referee) ; Kropáč, Jiří (advisor)
The bachelor‘s thesis deals with technologies for energy utilisation of biomass and waste. The introductory part is dedicated to biomass, its division and sources of biomass suitable for thermal treatment. The main part describes and compares technological units for energy utilisation of biomass, which is important for the Czech market. Furthermore there is described selected technologies for flue gas cleaning suitable especially for thermal treatment of waste. A basic design calculation of technological unit fired with wood chips for combined heat and power production is included here.
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Systematic approach for medical waste-to-energy processing
Hanus, Jan ; Krejčí, Tomáš (referee) ; Krňávek, Martin (advisor)
This master thesis deals with the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and available medical waste treatment methods. The first part summarises the legislation of waste treatment and contains an analysis of the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison to the situation in the European Union. The second part describes medical waste treatment methods and following technologies for energy utilization when thermal treatment method is applied. In the main part of this thesis, a complex medical waste-to-energy system in a model region is designed according to the input data. The design includes description of the collecting and transportation system of the waste, capacity of the unit and suitable thermal treatment and heat utilization technology choice. A calculation model is created for the proposed unit and based on this model, an analysis on energy utilization effectivity is made. As a result of the thesis, environmental, technical and economical assessment is created based on the estimation of the investment and operating costs.
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Voltage contrast method in ESEM
Krňávek, Martin ; Čudek, Pavel (referee) ; Jirák, Josef (advisor)
This work contains theoretical description of basic features and principles of electron microscopy, with focus on environmental scanning electron microscopy. It describes function of the microscope, interactions that takes place after collision of electron pack with a sample, mainly it describes creation of back reflected electrons and secondary electrons and methods of voltage contrast. The practical part focus on voltage contrast issue by observing decomposition of electric potentials on surface of semiconductor devices and it establishes ideal working conditions for observing voltage contrast by scintillation detector of secondary electrons.
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Regional energetic waste exploitation
Krňávek, Martin ; Putna, Ondřej (referee) ; Bébar, Ladislav (advisor)
The master’s thesis deals with technologies for energy utilisation of waste with annual treatment capacity approximately from 10 to 50 kt/year and their application in regions of the Czech Republic. In the first part of the thesis the results of heat consumption analysis in seven regions of the CR are introduced while in two selected regions a production of waste was analyzed too. The main part deals with the design of technological solution of waste-to-energy plant with medium capacity and its integration to specific conditions of the two selected regions. Alternatives of combined heat supply were assessed from waste-to-energy plant as well. A basic economic analysis that contains the estimates of incomes and capital expenditures and operating expense is a part of this thesis too.
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Up-to-date off gas cleaning system for Medical Waste-to-Energy units
Kotas, Dan ; Krňávek, Martin (referee) ; Krejčí, Tomáš (advisor)
This master's thesis deals with current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and it also analyzes the quality of existing units for thermal treatment of the medical waste. In the second part of the thesis, available off-gas cleaning methods were described as well as the emission limits for waste incineration, which correspond to the legislative regulations effective in the Czech Republic. These emission limits are considered as input data for off-gas cleaning system design. In the main part of this thesis, two technological solutions of off-gas cleaning methods for Up-to-Date medical waste incineration unit were designed. The unit is designed for energy utilization of 1400 tons of medical waste accumulated during one year in a regional hospital of model region. From given input parameters, two appropriate apparatus concepts were created. After that, both concepts were evaluated either form energetic point of view as well as from material one. From these evaluations, key apparatuses of both concepts were designed which provided necessary design dimensions for further investment price estimation of each individual key apparatus. In the conclusion of this thesis, the best solution of an off-gas cleaning method was picked according to the comparison of operating and investment costs.
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Regional waste-to-energy systems
Krňávek, Martin ; Jelemenský, Karol (referee) ; Jegla, Zdeněk (referee) ; Stehlík, Petr (advisor)
The doctoral thesis deals with regional energy utilization of municipal waste, sewage sludge and hazardous medical waste. In the first part of the thesis, the conditions under which waste-to-energy plants can be effectively integrated into regional energy supply system are assessed. In this introductory part, the current energy situation, legislation as well as waste in the Czech Republic are analyzed. Furthermore, the possibilities of integration at different levels in relation to the WtE plant and the complex waste management concept are described. In the next part of the thesis, the possibilities of long-term and short-term energy accumulation for the WtE plant are assessed. From the point of view of short-term energy accumulation, warm water, hot water and steam accumulators are assessed and from the point of view of long-term energy accumulation, the storage of plastic and bulky waste and sewage sludge is analyzed. The created techno-economic models of modern technologies for energy utilization of municipal waste, sewage sludge and hazardous medical waste are described in the main part of the thesis. In the last part of the thesis, the proposed techno-economic models are applied to the conditions of the specific region, and the effectiveness of tailor-made solutions respecting the 3E (environmental protection, energy situation and economic aspects) is demonstrated on this example.
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Systematic approach for medical waste-to-energy processing
Hanus, Jan ; Krejčí, Tomáš (referee) ; Krňávek, Martin (advisor)
This master thesis deals with the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and available medical waste treatment methods. The first part summarises the legislation of waste treatment and contains an analysis of the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison to the situation in the European Union. The second part describes medical waste treatment methods and following technologies for energy utilization when thermal treatment method is applied. In the main part of this thesis, a complex medical waste-to-energy system in a model region is designed according to the input data. The design includes description of the collecting and transportation system of the waste, capacity of the unit and suitable thermal treatment and heat utilization technology choice. A calculation model is created for the proposed unit and based on this model, an analysis on energy utilization effectivity is made. As a result of the thesis, environmental, technical and economical assessment is created based on the estimation of the investment and operating costs.
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Up-to-date off gas cleaning system for Medical Waste-to-Energy units
Kotas, Dan ; Krňávek, Martin (referee) ; Krejčí, Tomáš (advisor)
This master's thesis deals with current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and it also analyzes the quality of existing units for thermal treatment of the medical waste. In the second part of the thesis, available off-gas cleaning methods were described as well as the emission limits for waste incineration, which correspond to the legislative regulations effective in the Czech Republic. These emission limits are considered as input data for off-gas cleaning system design. In the main part of this thesis, two technological solutions of off-gas cleaning methods for Up-to-Date medical waste incineration unit were designed. The unit is designed for energy utilization of 1400 tons of medical waste accumulated during one year in a regional hospital of model region. From given input parameters, two appropriate apparatus concepts were created. After that, both concepts were evaluated either form energetic point of view as well as from material one. From these evaluations, key apparatuses of both concepts were designed which provided necessary design dimensions for further investment price estimation of each individual key apparatus. In the conclusion of this thesis, the best solution of an off-gas cleaning method was picked according to the comparison of operating and investment costs.
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Voltage contrast method in ESEM
Krňávek, Martin ; Čudek, Pavel (referee) ; Jirák, Josef (advisor)
This work contains theoretical description of basic features and principles of electron microscopy, with focus on environmental scanning electron microscopy. It describes function of the microscope, interactions that takes place after collision of electron pack with a sample, mainly it describes creation of back reflected electrons and secondary electrons and methods of voltage contrast. The practical part focus on voltage contrast issue by observing decomposition of electric potentials on surface of semiconductor devices and it establishes ideal working conditions for observing voltage contrast by scintillation detector of secondary electrons.
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Voltage contrast method in ESEM
Krňávek, Martin ; Čudek, Pavel (referee) ; Jirák, Josef (advisor)
This work contains theoretical description of basic features and principles of electron microscopy, with focus on environmental scanning electron microscopy. It describes function of the microscope, interactions that takes place after collision of electron pack with a sample, mainly it describes creation of back reflected electrons and secondary electrons and methods of voltage contrast. The practical part focus on voltage contrast issue by observing decomposition of electric potentials on surface of semiconductor devices and it establishes ideal working conditions for observing voltage contrast by scintillation detector of secondary electrons.
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