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Significance of MLL gene aberrations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Šárová, Iveta ; Březinová, Jana (advisor) ; Král, Jiří (referee)
4 ABSTRACT Significance of MLL gene aberrations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), predominantly in AML M5a, the most frequent recurrent aberration of chromosome 11 involves region 11q23. Molecular breakpoint studies of several translocations involving chromosomal band 11q23 led to the detection of a gene that was named MLL (myeloid/lymphoid leukemia). Since that time, more than 70 different translocation partners of the MLL gene have been described. This gene is important for the proper HOX gene expression during ontogenesis and hematopoiesis. Chromosomal aberrations affecting the MLL gene occur in 5 - 10 % of AML cases and are very variable. Aberrations of the MLL gene are associated with an aggresive type of the disease and its detection is needed for the treatment decision. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of MLL abnormalities in bone marrow cells of the 66 newly diagnosed AML patients, using conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses with a commercially available MLL Break Apart Rearrangement probe (Abbott VYSIS). Out of the 66 patients, we proved MLL abnormalities in 9 (13,6%): 5 (7,6%) showed translocation of MLL gene, in 3 (4,5%) we detected MLL gene amplification without any evidence of rearrangement and in 1 (1,5%)...
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Action of polyomavirus protein in host cell cycle
Suchanová, Jiřina ; Král, Jiří (referee) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor)
The polyomaviruses belong to a class of small DNA viruses that are capable to induce tumor growth within the cells infected by the virus. The course of their life cycle is entirely dependent on utilization of the infected cell mechanisms that have to be very precisely regulated. Above all, this thesis concentrates on investigating the factors that influence the course of the infected cell cycle, and also the ways in which the virus is able to interact with its control mechanisms. The polyomavirus early transcripts (T-antigens) have a main impact on the progression of the individual phases of the cell cycle. The biggest T-antigen (so called "Large T-antigen") is responsible for both the interaction with the main regulators of the cell cycle (proteins p53 and pRB) and a viral replication, immortalization of the cell and blocking of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. The mitosis is very unfavorable to the virus because it utilizes a great amount of limited material of the cell organism that the virus needs for its own replication. According to the latest research the virus induces several changes within the cell cycle. For example, it creates a second S phase instead of the mitotic phase in the cell. It causes the accumulation of the infected cells in the late G2 phase as opposed the accumulation of...
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Evolution of the karyotype in two spider families, Atypidae and Pholcidae
Pastuchová, Markéta ; Kočárek, Eduard (referee) ; Král, Jiří (advisor)
Evolution of the karyotype in two spider families, Atypidae and Pholcidae (Araneae) Summary From cytogenetic point of view spiders are very diversified group, they exhibit great diversity in diploid chromosome number from 7 Ariadna lateralis (Segestriidae) up to 128 Cyclocosmia siamensis (Ctenizidae). Till recently karyotypes of almost all spiders were supposed to consist exclusively of acrocentric chromosomes including X1X20 sex chromosome system. However, this idea is based mostly on research of an advanced clade - entelegyne lineage of araneomorph spiders. Karyotypes of mygalomorph and haplogyne spiders remain nearly unexplored. Presented study is focused on cytogenetics of eight representatives of the family Pholcidae (Araneomorphae, Haplogyne) and Atypus piceus and A. affinis (Mygalomorphae, fam.Atypidae). Karyotypes, course of meiosis and distribution of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) have been investigated in selected pholcid species and in one representative of the family Sicariidae (Araneomorphae, Haplogyne). Chromosomes of these groups are mostly biarmed (metacentric or submetacentric) and sex chromosome systems are diversified. Furthermore, distribution of constitutive heterochromatin and NOR has been analysed in A. piceus (2n0' = 41,XO) and A. affinis (2n0' = 14,XY). Key words: Atypidae,...
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Sequence analysis of SIX homeobox family in Craspedacusta sowerbyi
Vojta, Petr ; Pačes, Jan (advisor) ; Král, Jiří (referee)
Homeobox genes are generally known as key factors directing processes during the morphogenesis of organ systems. Recently, research of homeobox genes evolution has focused on evolutionary old groups of species, such as Cnidarians. ln Cnidarians, there are more homeobox genes compared with more complex organism, such as fruit flies. Several homeobox genes have also been described in plants and fungi. General opinion is that homeobox genes are a very old group of genes, originating even before the main kingdoms of multicellular organisms. Six homeobox genes that have been identified as homologues of Drosophila sine oculis, an important factor for compound-eye formation, take part in numerous developmental processes directed by the PAX-SIX-EYA signal pathway. ln Vertebratae, as representatives of Deuterostomes, there are six genes in three sub groups, whereas in Drosophila melanogaster, as a representative of Protostomes, three homologues have been described, always one for each subgroup. The ancestral six genes diverged even before the divergence of groups Bilateralia and Cnidaria. ln freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi we distinguished both HD and SD regions for five SIX proteins. Four of these six genes of Craspedacusta sowerbyi belong to the established Six groups (Sixl/2, Six3/6 a Six4/5), where...
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Karyotype evolution of velvet spiders (Araneae: Eresidae)
Forman, Martin ; Král, Jiří (advisor) ; Rothová, Olga (referee)
Presented study is aimed to determine basic trends of karyotype evolution in velvet spiders (Eresidae; Araneae). Eresids are burrowing spiders; they includes also some social species. Karyotypes of 16 species of the family Eresidae as well as 2 species of the other families of the superfamily Eresoidea, Hersiliidae and Oecobiidae, are presented. Furthermore, DNA content and base proportion was determined in 14 species. In two species, DNA content of sex chromosomes was also measured. Obtained results revealed considerable variability of diploid numbers, and sex chromosomes systems in eresids. Obtained karyotype data allow to divide eresids into four groups. Karyotypes of the genera Gandanameno, Dresserus and S. lineatus are close to proposed ancestral karyotype of entelegynae spiders and they show the ancestral state of karyotype in velvet spiders. Karyotypes of S. lineatus and E. annulipes differ substantially from other representatives of the genera Stegodyphus and Eresus which indicates paraphyly of these genera. Karyotypes of basal forms are formed by acrocentric chromosomes. Further evolution of eresid karyotypes included considerable reduction of diploid numbers as well as changes of chromosome morphology. Social species of the genus Stegodyphus show tendency to reduce diploid numbers by...
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Strategic Game in Multi-Agent System Jason
Vais, Roman ; Zbořil, František (referee) ; Král, Jiří (advisor)
This thesis describes artificial inteligence used in developement of computer games, particularly discusses with theory behing artificial inteligence used in real-time strategy games. It deals with implementation of extensions for one such a game. It analyzes posibylities of use multi-agent systems architecture for purposess of artificial inteligence in games. It describes concept of swarm inteligence as suitable but not used tool for developing not only videogame artificial inteligence. Moreover it attempts to find suitable representation of sensation for software agents and shows the difficulties of this task.
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