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Osmolality of parenteral preparations. Electrolytes 2.
Krištofová, Lucie ; Šklubalová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Šnejdrová, Eva (referee)
Osmolality of parenteral preparations. Electrolytes 2. Diploma thesis Lucie Krištofová, 2009 Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical technology This diploma thesis summarizes findings of both formulation of parenteral preparations and expressions of their osmotic concentration. The equations of linear regression for the conversion of molality (mol/kg) to molarity (mol/l) are presented on the basis of pyknometry measurement of density of aqueous solution of sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, and sodium lactate in molality 0.1 - 1.0 mol/kg. Experimentally obtained values of solution osmolality (mOsmol/kg) allowed estimation of the actual molal osmotic coefficient of studied electrolytes. The mean molal osmotic coefficient might be recommended for the estimation of osmolality from solution molality in case of aqueous solution of sodium acetate and sodium lactate. The differences between the measured osmolality and the estimated one were 2% and 4%, respectively. The method using the measured osmolality, the solution density and the partial specific volume of solute (ml/g), which express the change of the solution volume after the addition of 1.0 g of solute, might be recommended to estimate osmolarity of the solution (mOsmol/l).
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Sublethal effect of agrochemicals on \kur{Pardosa} sp.
KRIŠTOFOVÁ, Lucie
In the last decades, there has been a growing interest in studying particular those arthropods who have an important role in agroecosystems. For example, they are natural enemies of pests and therefore they are considered to be beneficial organisms. However, these beneficial arthropods may be negatively affected by the application of chemicals under the management of agroecosystems and their potential to inhibit pests can be significantly reduced. Such organisms certainly include spiders which occure in abundant numbers practically in all types of terrestrial habitats including agricultural ecosystems where they have a role of very important predators. Therefore, the thesis focused on current issues of pesticides, especially from the view of their negative effects on behavioral modification of beneficial invertebrate organisms in agricultural crops. The theoretical part is devoted to a brief characteristics of pesticides, their sublethal effects on non-target organisms and the importance of spiders as natural regulators of pests in agroecosystems. The practical part describes the experiment whereconventionally used agrochemicals were tested the influence of the herbicide and desiccant Basta 15, the Arrest preparation and their combination (mixture Basta 15 + Arrest) on spiders genus Pardosa. I focused on the side effects of these solutions, specifically on the modification of predatory behavior and on the mortality of spiders. It has been shown that agrochemicals affect the predation successfulness of spiders. From the short term and the long term point of view, it has been shown that spiders treated with the tested preparations killed less prey than the individuals in the control group which were treated only with distilled water. The dependence of mortality and the number of killed prey on the size and sex has not been proved. Preparations Basta 15 and the mixture caused significantly higher mortality of spiders. The Arrest preparation did not increase the mortality.
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Osmolality of parenteral preparations. Electrolytes 2.
Krištofová, Lucie ; Šnejdrová, Eva (referee) ; Šklubalová, Zdeňka (advisor)
Osmolality of parenteral preparations. Electrolytes 2. Diploma thesis Lucie Krištofová, 2009 Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical technology This diploma thesis summarizes findings of both formulation of parenteral preparations and expressions of their osmotic concentration. The equations of linear regression for the conversion of molality (mol/kg) to molarity (mol/l) are presented on the basis of pyknometry measurement of density of aqueous solution of sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, and sodium lactate in molality 0.1 - 1.0 mol/kg. Experimentally obtained values of solution osmolality (mOsmol/kg) allowed estimation of the actual molal osmotic coefficient of studied electrolytes. The mean molal osmotic coefficient might be recommended for the estimation of osmolality from solution molality in case of aqueous solution of sodium acetate and sodium lactate. The differences between the measured osmolality and the estimated one were 2% and 4%, respectively. The method using the measured osmolality, the solution density and the partial specific volume of solute (ml/g), which express the change of the solution volume after the addition of 1.0 g of solute, might be recommended to estimate osmolarity of the solution (mOsmol/l).
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Characters used for determining of spiders (Araneae)
KRIŠTOFOVÁ, Lucie
This bachelor thesis focuses on a current issue of classifying spiders into their families. The incorrect recognitions of a family are often caused by inappropriate choice of morphological features and their ambiguous characteristics for determination usage. In a literary review, various morphological characters of spiders used for their determination to families are summarized and described. Subsequently, two Czech keys were tested by respondents, which provided a view of the steps and features causing difficulties in classifying spider families. Thus, I outline both unquestioning acceptance of features from older sources and the fact that their usage is not always a reliable tool for determination. Often neglected is the attitude of inexperienced observers who look upon the spider body inexpertly, not being influenced by arachnological traditions, and therefore, with a certain dose of exaggeration, objectively. This is the reason why the research was done mainly with the help of amateur public. In the final parts of the bachelor thesis, I both discuss problems that emerged and were recorded during the observation and recommend suitable improvements concerning the classification keys.
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