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Mumps and its epidemiological characteristic
Ovečková, Markéta ; Fabiánová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Černá, Milena (referee)
Based on stated epidemiological information we can see that periodic mumps vaccination is a necessary part of paediatric care of present population. Nowadays, mumps vaccination is provided in more than 100 countries all over the world. Several epidemics occurred in these countries with involvement of vaccinated and non-vaccinated people since the introduction of vaccination. Very often was the most affected group the group of 19-23 old people. The main reason of current epidemics is probably the low collective immunity in group of older children because of extinction after previous vaccination. The main reason in adult group is not being immunized naturally. The import of disease from other countries influences the origin of epidemics in the Czech Republic, for example import from Poland, where the periodic vaccination started as late as in 2004. Most of young doctors have probably never met mumps in their practices, whereas their older colleagues have often forgotten heterogeneous symptoms of infection. Sometimes it is very difficult to recognize this illness in time. The primary symptoms usually experience in the first time practical doctors, dentists, otorinolaryngologists and internal-medicine doctors. Doctors of urologic and surgery specializations should not miss orchitis when the testicles...
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Epidemlological characteristic of hemorrhagic fevers and possible importance for the Czech Republic
Svobodová, Alžběta ; Fabiánová, Kateřina (advisor)
The viruses of hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) indicate acute infections disorders. They can be in progress asympthomaticly or as a light fever disorder, but in the higt percent of cases they end up by the patient's death. Viruses of hemorrhagic fevers keep up outdoor thanks to the host animal on which they are according to their existence fully depend. Transmission to a human is possible because of the vectors. Mosquitos, ticks or rodents are the most frequently vectors. Aerosol or contacts with infected person are the other ways of transmision. Some VHFs can be transmited due to a contact with an attacted animal. There is no causal medicine of the most VHFs, supporting therapy plays the main role in patient's treatment. Similarly, the vaccination doesn't mostly exist and the prevention of VHF aims at the vector control and at the prevence of their contact with human. Althouht VHHs are found mainly in tropic and subtropic areas, rarely, it is possible meet with them in the form of imported infections in our country. It seems that with increasing number of people travelling abroad, with increasing possibility of travelling to exotic countries and with increasing migration of inhabitants, we will meat imported infections of VHHs more often in the future. In connection with global warming and geographical...
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Comparison of vaccines against pertussis
Karásková, Veronika ; Fabiánová, Kateřina (advisor)
Pertussis is a disease with high infectiousness, caused by gramnegative bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Bordetella colonizes the respiratory epithelium and induces typical symptoms. The main factors of pathogenesis are filamentous hemaglutin (FHA), pertussis toxin (PT), pertactin (PRN), fimbrial agglutinogens (fim2, fim3). The disease has three stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal and recovery. Cultivation method is used as a diagnostical proof. The causal therapy of pertussis is antibiotical therapy, especially macrolides. Pertussis is a disease preventable by vaccination. In 1958, the routine vaccination was started in Czech Republic by whole cell vaccine. There was a significant decrease of incidence of pertussis after that. During the 90's the incidence has gently grown up again. Pertussis was an infant disease before (children up to 5 years of age). Nowadays we can see an age shift to adolescents and adults. Pertusis is most dangerous for children younger than one year. The infection of the adults could be mild or even asymptomatic. The whole cell vaccine has often side effects, which are worse with raising age and frequency of sticks. In 2007 there was a new vaccination schedule introduced in Czech Republic which contains a new acellular vaccine. There are fewer side effects after vaccination with acellular...
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The age limit of mammographic screening in women, possibilities of improving the prevention of breast cancer in the Czech Republic
Večeřová, Lívia ; Rambousková, Jolana (advisor) ; Fabiánová, Kateřina (referee) ; Urminská, Hana (referee)
The age limit of mammographic screening in women, possibilities of improving the prevention of breast cancer in the Czech Republic. Abstract. The present study is focused on routine screening in women at average risk of developing breast cancer. The theoretical part of the thesis summarised an overview of the current state of the issue of breast cancer prevention. The practical research part deals with evaluation and comments on the results obtained from the retrospective cohort study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of breast cancer in women aged 40-45 years who are not currently included in the routine mammography screening programme in the Czech Republic, while assessing the current duration of the screening interval. The study was carried out using registry data of one by the Ministry of Health accredited mammography centre (Bulovka University Hospital). The reference period was from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2017. During the reference period, 36,548 women participated in the mammography screening programme, i.e. 58.4 %. The number of women who participated in the first screening scan decreased from 8,074 in 2008 to 1,524 in 2017. The average age of women entering screening was 57.8 years, and women in screening were followed in an average of 4.2 years. The average age of women...
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Epidemiological aspect of pertussis in the Czech Republic
Fabiánová, Kateřina ; Kříž, Bohumír (advisor) ; Pazdiora, Petr (referee) ; Smetana, Jan (referee)
The aim was to document the trend in pertussis in the Czech Republic (CR) with regard to the infant population under one year of age, which is at highest risk for pertussis. Another point was to answer two questions: 1) whether the recent rise in pertussis cases in the CR is caused by new lineages of B. pertussis, against which the available vaccines are not effective, and 2) whether the circulating strains of B. pertussis are susceptible to antibiotics of choice. Data on pertussis cases were derived from the surveillance programme. Two hundred and sixty-five children under one year of age with laboratory confirmed pertussis, diagnosed between 1997 and 2013, were included in the study. B. pertussis isolates obtained within the surveillance of pertussis were examined by molecular biological methods - MAST (multiantigen sequence typing), MLVA (multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis), and MLST (multilocus sequence typing). B. pertussis strains isolated from patients between 1967 and 2010 were tested for susceptibility to first-line antibiotics for the treatment of pertussis. The analysis of the epidemiological situation confirmed an upward trend in pertussis in the CR since the 1990s in all age categories, including children under one year of age. Nearly 77 % of children acquired pertussis...
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Factors influencing the attitude of Czech parents towards selected vaccine-preventable infectious diseases
Michálková, Eliška ; Fabiánová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Dáňová, Jana (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the attitude of parents towards selected infectious diseases which are preventable by vaccines in the Czech Republic. The primary focus is on parents' opinions on vaccination against invasive diseases caused by meningococci, haemophili and pneumococci. The theoretical part discusses the issue of vaccination, its importance and organizational structure; it further describes the selected pathogens, the diseases they cause and the epidemiological situation. It also considers the factors that may lead many parents to distrust and be critical of vaccination. The main aim of the practical part is to find out by means of an online questionnaire which social, geo-demographic, economic and other factors influence the choice of parents to have their children vaccinated against the given bacteria. Statistical methods of χ2 -independence test and binary logistic regression have been used to evaluate the data obtained from the questionnaire with the help of the SPSS program. The results show that parents with lower education and fewer children are more likely to get their child vaccinated; furthermore, it is the parents in the vicinity of where the outbreak of the given disease occurred or those who obtain sufficient information from a pediatrician and consider this...
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Vaccination issues on the threshold of the third millenium
Šálek, Jiří ; Dáňová, Jana (advisor) ; Marešová, Vilma (referee) ; Fabiánová, Kateřina (referee)
This thesis based on descriptive comparative study is to evaluate different opinions and its influence to vaccination confidence in two branches of students, medical and pedagogical, as both of them plays important roles in children and adults education and, in case of pedagogy, forming the skills of critical thinking. Multi-item, opinion-based, paper-and-pencil typed anonymous questionnaires were distributed within medical students and students of pedagogical fields of study. Data has been sorted and divided into two clusters which underwent a statistical comparison using a logistic regression. From total of 722 respondents, 386 were medical students and 336 were pedagogical students. Most respondents said they were not in favor of alternative medicine; however, a significantly higher number of alternative medicine followers were among the respondents of the Faculty of Education. Positive vaccination perception rate (PVPR) is not dependent on behavioral factors of students at both faculties but it is clearly conditioned by attitude to alternative medicine. Fear of infections dramatically increased the PVPR (up to 6.7x) over those who were not afraid of the infection or were not quite sure whether to fear it. Fear of vaccines side effects clearly reduced the PVPR by at least 84%.
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