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Karyotype variability of European scorpions of the family Euscorpiidae
Byronová, Markéta ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Altmanová, Marie (referee)
Current cytogenetic knowledge of the Euscorpiidae family is known for only 14 species. This work presents cytogenetic analysis of other selected species of this family. Variability in the diploid number of chromosomes and the morphology of chromosomes was found. In the whole family, we observe monocentric chromosomes and different representations of morphological types. In addition to basic cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was also performed, which in some species revealed a difference from the standard number of clusters as well as the localization of the cluster gene for 18S rRNA. Using this method, a telomeric motif (TTAGG)n was also located in selected species, which was present at the ends of chromosomes in most of the analyzed species. Key words: cytogenetics, scorpions, Euscorpiidae, FISH, 18S rRNA, karyotype variability
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Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in iguanids (Squamata: Iguanidae sensu lato)
Altmanová, Marie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
Iguanids are greatly diversed group of squamate reptiles (Reptilia, Squamata). Although there were many phylogenetical studies made, the relationships among main lineages are still unclear. In cytogenetical point of view is this group relatively conservative. In three species-rich genus only, the diversity of karyotypes is relatively considerable: Anolis, Liolaemus a Sceloporus. Diploid chromosome number varies between 19 and 48. Ancestral karyotype is defined as 2n=36, with 12 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Morphologically the macrochromosomes are mostly metacentric, rarely acrocentric or telocentric. In karyotype evolution Robertsonian rearrangements dominate apparently, where number of chromosome arms is preserved. Interspecific variability or variability between populations were observed. Sex seems to be determined by genotype for whole group (GSD). Across the group probably attended conditionally to multiple differentiation of sex chromosomes. In 75 of 219 caryotyped were detected XX/XY type of sex chromosomes or derived multiple sex system X 1X 1X 2X 2/X 1X 2Y. The transition from multiple sex chromosomes back to XX/XY type was observed in one species. Chromosome Y shows morphological variability in size and shape, from microchromosom to huge metacentric macrochromosom. Homology of sex...
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Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in iguanas (Squamata: Pleurodonta)
Altmanová, Marie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Kejnovský, Eduard (referee) ; Zrzavá, Magda (referee)
Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in iguanas (Squamata: Pleurodonta) PhD Thesis Marie Altmanová Abstract This PhD thesis is composed of five published articles and one manuscript, and is focused on the evolution of the sex chromosomes and karyotype of the iguanas (Pleurodonta). Based on our primary research of available data, only male heterogamety (XX/XY) with ancestral karyotype 2n = 36 chromosomes was recorded in iguanas. However, in many species sex chromosomes have not been uncovered by classical cytogenetics, probably due to their homomorphy. The partially-known X chromosome content of Anolis carolinensis allowed us to compare the relative gene doses of X-specific genes between male and female of representatives of all iguana families, and to reveal homologous and well-differentiated sex chromosomes across all iguanas, with the exception of basilisks. Thus, due to the comparable age with sex chromosomes of mammals and birds, the results put into question the importance of endothermy for the formation of stable sex chromosomes. The striking feature of the iguanas is the relatively frequent occurrence of multiple sex chromosomes in their karyotypes. Using the ancestral state analysis of the type of sex chromosomes, it has been found that these multiple sex chromosomes developed at least twelve...
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Evolution of karyotype and sex determination in iguanas (Squamata: Pleurodonta)
Altmanová, Marie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Zrzavá, Magda (referee)
Squamate reptiles in general possess an unusual variability in karyotype and sex determining mechanisms. However, in these two aspects, iguanas (Pleurodonts) are considered as a relatively conservative group of lizards. So far only genotypic sex determination with male heterogamety has been detected in this lineage. However, the sex chromosomes have not been revealed in many species by classical cytogenetics, probably due to their homomorphy. Significant variability in karyotype was observed only in the species-rich genera Anolis, Sceloporus and Liolaemus. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the genome of available species from the main iguanid lineages using classical and molecular cytogenetic methods. As well as finding the karyotype characteristics, which may represent synapomorphies of main iguanid lineages, the other aim was to try to identify sex chromosomes. This study confirmed previously published karyotypes of 13 species and established new descriptions of karyotype for eight species. The chromosomes of all studied specimens were examined by methods of classical and molecular cytogenetics, 21 species covering eight iguanid families were analysed in this thesis. The majority of studied species shared the apparently ancestral karyotype of the group, with diploid chromosome number...
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Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in iguanids (Squamata: Iguanidae sensu lato)
Altmanová, Marie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Symonová, Radka (referee)
Iguanids are greatly diversed group of squamate reptiles (Reptilia, Squamata). Although there were many phylogenetical studies made, the relationships among main lineages are still unclear. In cytogenetical point of view is this group relatively conservative. In three species-rich genus only, the diversity of karyotypes is relatively considerable: Anolis, Liolaemus a Sceloporus. Diploid chromosome number varies between 19 and 48. Ancestral karyotype is defined as 2n=36, with 12 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Morphologically the macrochromosomes are mostly metacentric, rarely acrocentric or telocentric. In karyotype evolution Robertsonian rearrangements dominate apparently, where number of chromosome arms is preserved. Interspecific variability or variability between populations were observed. Sex seems to be determined by genotype for whole group (GSD). Across the group probably attended conditionally to multiple differentiation of sex chromosomes. In 75 of 219 caryotyped were detected XX/XY type of sex chromosomes or derived multiple sex system X 1X 1X 2X 2/X 1X 2Y. The transition from multiple sex chromosomes back to XX/XY type was observed in one species. Chromosome Y shows morphological variability in size and shape, from microchromosom to huge metacentric macrochromosom. Homology of sex...
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The Difference in the Relation of the Nursing Mentor to the Students of Bachelor and Master Education Program.
ALTMANOVÁ, Marie
The master thesis named {\clqq}Differences in the relationships between nurse mentors and Bachelor´s and Master´s degree students`` is divided into the theoretical and practical part. In the practical part it was discovered with the aid of the qualitative research, that the nurse mentors does not see differences in the relationships between Bachelor´s and Master´s degree students. The hypothesis stating that the students of Master´s degree programmes enjoy better relationships with mentors than the students of Bachelor´s degree programmes has been disconfirmed. The interviews with the mentors showed that one of the factors affecting the relationships of the nurse mentors to the Master´s and Bachelor´s degree students is the lack of time they have for the students. The results of the questionnaires confirmed the hypothesis stating that the most frequent factor which affects the relationships of students to the mentor is the mentor{\crq}s attention given to them.
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Factors influencing the nursing degree students´satisfaction and behaviour during the practical training
ALTMANOVÁ, Marie
The bachelor thesis named {\crqq}Factors influencing the satisfaction of General nurse students during the practical training{\crqq} is divided into the theoretical and practical part. In the practical part it was discovered, that the most common factor affecting the level of satisfaction of the students with the clinical practice is the relationship with the nurses working as their mentors in the clinical department. The hypothesis stating, that students, who are not satisfied with their clinical practice are more often considering a different future employment than that of a nurse, has been confirmed. The results of the questionnaire showed, that students of the 3rd year are generally less satisfied with clinical training than those of the 2nd year. It was also determined, that nurses consider the lack of time as the main negative factor influencing their cooperation with students during clinical practice.
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