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Numerical Modelling of Grate Combustion
Juřena, Tomáš ; Klemeš,, Jiří (oponent) ; Žitný, Rudolf (oponent) ; Hájek, Jiří (vedoucí práce)
The present work is focused on numerical modelling of grate combustion of solid fuels by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Since CFD results from simulations of grate combustion depend on the quality of input data including information on temperature, mass flux and chemical composition of flue gas leaving a fuel bed, the attention is turned to modelling of processes, that take place within the fuel bed on a grate. A great part of the work is devoted to development of a reliable numerical model of packed-bed combustion as it may help improve both results from simulations and knowledge of principles of solid fuel combustion in fixed or moving beds. A one-dimensional transient numerical model of combustion in an experimental reactor is developed and implemented into a computer program called GRATECAL 1.3 with a grapical user interface. A special emphasis is put on the conservativeness property of the model. Therefore, a method for control of mass and energy balance over the system is developed and applied to a series of case studies, which have revealed certain errors in definitions of mass source terms, so that data adopted from literature have been reconciled. The model is used for analysis of propagation of drying and char combustion reaction fronts in a bed of wheat straw particles. It is suggested to include modelling of particle internal porosity change in order to obtain correct reaction zone thickness, if porosity of the bed is allowed to change during combustion. The balance-based method is also used to analyse effects of convergence criteria on mass and energy imbalance of the modelled system. It is found that all the scaled residuals must drop to as low as $10^{-6}$ or lower in order to obtain sufficiently accurate results from in-bed simulations in terms of mass and energy conservation within the packed bed. The second part of the work is devoted to development of a library of user-defined functions for the commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT for coupling the bed model with a freeboard model of a real combustion unit in order to specify the boundary conditions indirectly using results from in-bed simulations. The created interface is general enough to be used for a wide range of models of grate furnaces. The presented results contribute to better understanding of numerical modelling of grate combustion, especially in the setup of a numerical model and parameters of solver for the control of the convergence.
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EFFECT OF FLOW PARAMETERS OF WATER AND AIR ATOMIZED SPRAYS ON COOLING INTENSITY OF HOT SURFACES
Boháček, Jan ; Střasák,, Pavel (oponent) ; Rudolf, Pavel (oponent) ; Horský, Jaroslav (vedoucí práce)
The present thesis is focused on an overall description of water jets and air atomized jets for cooling purposes using CFD methods namely ANSYS FLUENT. It comprises two main parts – the micro and the macro model. The micro model concerns with a numerical description of single droplet dynamics whereas the macro model deals with a numerical modeling of water jets as complicated droplet structures emanating from solid stream nozzle and flat fan nozzle. By and large, it is based on multiphase models and User Defined Functions (UDFs), which represents the background of the present thesis. In most of cases, the presented numerical models were compared either with experimental data or another numerical model. In the first part, the theory of each of three multiphase models is discussed. The first one, the Volume Of Fluid model (VOF), was used for simulation of single droplet dynamics designated as a micro model whilst last two multiphase models, the Euler-Euler model and the Euler-Lagrange model, were applied in the case of modeling of the entire water jet structure, which is contrarily designated as a macro model. The micro model concerns with a numerical study of free-falling water droplet. For small droplet diameters (~100µm) the standard surface tension model (Continuum Surface Force model, CSF) was proved to cause significant unphysical parasitic currents. Therefore, the thesis is also devoted to surface tension as a source term of body forces imposed in momentum equation, normal, curvature calculation and related issues. The macro model covers a numerical study of dynamics of the entire water jet structure i.e. the space between the nozzle exit and the wall where the jet impinges. It accounts for the complete geometry, for instance, support rolls, a slab and a mold bottom of a continuous caster. Firstly, the physics of a solid jet impact onto a hot plate was simulated using both, the VOF and the Euler-Lagrange model. As regards the case with the VOF model, a model for film boiling was designed and tested. Finally, both, the Euler-Euler model and the Euler-Lagrange model, were used for simulation of a flat jet horizontally spraying onto a hot slab inside a confined domain bounded by support rolls and a mold bottom. Concerning the simulation with the Euler-Euler model, a secondary breakup model was introduced based on the wave stability atomization theory. Concerning the Euler-Lagrange simulation, the dispersed phase (Lagrange particles) formed rather a continuous phase in some places, and therefore the coupling between Lagrange particles and the VOF model via UDFs was proposed.
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Numerical Modelling of Grate Combustion
Juřena, Tomáš ; Klemeš,, Jiří (oponent) ; Žitný, Rudolf (oponent) ; Hájek, Jiří (vedoucí práce)
The present work is focused on numerical modelling of grate combustion of solid fuels by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Since CFD results from simulations of grate combustion depend on the quality of input data including information on temperature, mass flux and chemical composition of flue gas leaving a fuel bed, the attention is turned to modelling of processes, that take place within the fuel bed on a grate. A great part of the work is devoted to development of a reliable numerical model of packed-bed combustion as it may help improve both results from simulations and knowledge of principles of solid fuel combustion in fixed or moving beds. A one-dimensional transient numerical model of combustion in an experimental reactor is developed and implemented into a computer program called GRATECAL 1.3 with a grapical user interface. A special emphasis is put on the conservativeness property of the model. Therefore, a method for control of mass and energy balance over the system is developed and applied to a series of case studies, which have revealed certain errors in definitions of mass source terms, so that data adopted from literature have been reconciled. The model is used for analysis of propagation of drying and char combustion reaction fronts in a bed of wheat straw particles. It is suggested to include modelling of particle internal porosity change in order to obtain correct reaction zone thickness, if porosity of the bed is allowed to change during combustion. The balance-based method is also used to analyse effects of convergence criteria on mass and energy imbalance of the modelled system. It is found that all the scaled residuals must drop to as low as $10^{-6}$ or lower in order to obtain sufficiently accurate results from in-bed simulations in terms of mass and energy conservation within the packed bed. The second part of the work is devoted to development of a library of user-defined functions for the commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT for coupling the bed model with a freeboard model of a real combustion unit in order to specify the boundary conditions indirectly using results from in-bed simulations. The created interface is general enough to be used for a wide range of models of grate furnaces. The presented results contribute to better understanding of numerical modelling of grate combustion, especially in the setup of a numerical model and parameters of solver for the control of the convergence.
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EFFECT OF FLOW PARAMETERS OF WATER AND AIR ATOMIZED SPRAYS ON COOLING INTENSITY OF HOT SURFACES
Boháček, Jan ; Střasák,, Pavel (oponent) ; Rudolf, Pavel (oponent) ; Horský, Jaroslav (vedoucí práce)
The present thesis is focused on an overall description of water jets and air atomized jets for cooling purposes using CFD methods namely ANSYS FLUENT. It comprises two main parts – the micro and the macro model. The micro model concerns with a numerical description of single droplet dynamics whereas the macro model deals with a numerical modeling of water jets as complicated droplet structures emanating from solid stream nozzle and flat fan nozzle. By and large, it is based on multiphase models and User Defined Functions (UDFs), which represents the background of the present thesis. In most of cases, the presented numerical models were compared either with experimental data or another numerical model. In the first part, the theory of each of three multiphase models is discussed. The first one, the Volume Of Fluid model (VOF), was used for simulation of single droplet dynamics designated as a micro model whilst last two multiphase models, the Euler-Euler model and the Euler-Lagrange model, were applied in the case of modeling of the entire water jet structure, which is contrarily designated as a macro model. The micro model concerns with a numerical study of free-falling water droplet. For small droplet diameters (~100µm) the standard surface tension model (Continuum Surface Force model, CSF) was proved to cause significant unphysical parasitic currents. Therefore, the thesis is also devoted to surface tension as a source term of body forces imposed in momentum equation, normal, curvature calculation and related issues. The macro model covers a numerical study of dynamics of the entire water jet structure i.e. the space between the nozzle exit and the wall where the jet impinges. It accounts for the complete geometry, for instance, support rolls, a slab and a mold bottom of a continuous caster. Firstly, the physics of a solid jet impact onto a hot plate was simulated using both, the VOF and the Euler-Lagrange model. As regards the case with the VOF model, a model for film boiling was designed and tested. Finally, both, the Euler-Euler model and the Euler-Lagrange model, were used for simulation of a flat jet horizontally spraying onto a hot slab inside a confined domain bounded by support rolls and a mold bottom. Concerning the simulation with the Euler-Euler model, a secondary breakup model was introduced based on the wave stability atomization theory. Concerning the Euler-Lagrange simulation, the dispersed phase (Lagrange particles) formed rather a continuous phase in some places, and therefore the coupling between Lagrange particles and the VOF model via UDFs was proposed.
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