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NDT in additive manufacturing of metals
Převorovský, Zdeněk ; Krofta, Josef ; Kober, Jan
In this study we tested possibilities of nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS) methods to classify two types of artificially created defects in Ti-6Al-4V prismatic samples fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) system. Two series of samples with variable internal defects were tested: samples with central circular defects (missing material gaps), and samples with gradually growing stochastic porosity. Each group of samples contained also fully compact sample for a comparison. Five ultrasonic NEWS procedures were used to classify defects variability. Relatively simple experimental facility with two piezoelectric transducers allows interrogate samples and record their response. The best results, documented in this paper, were obtained by two modifications of NWMS procedure. Results of NEWS tests indicate that selected NEWS procedures can be used also for online AM monitoring.
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On finite element modelling in time reversal problems
Mračko, Michal ; Kober, Jan ; Kolman, Radek ; Převorovský, Zdeněk ; Plešek, Jiří ; Masák, Jan ; Kruisová, Alena
In this paper we analyse suitability and accuracy of computational techniques in time reversal applications based on finite element method (FEM) for detection and localization of defects, cracks or other acoustic emission sources in bodies and structures. As it is known, a classical explicit integration scheme - central difference is reversible. The central difference scheme as a time integrator is widely used for linear and nonlinear finite element analyses and it is also implemented in commercial and open-source finite element software. In the paper properties of the explicit FEM in time reversal problems are studied and analysed. We use the standard Galerkin FEM formulation with linear shape functions, one-point Gauss integration and lumped mass matrix. Loading by the Ricker pulse was applied for modelling of the acoustic source in an elastic square domain. A special attention is paid to the choice of boundary conditions in reverse problem which keep the reversibility of problems of interest. Finally, we show the quality of refocusing of the original acoustic source.
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Mapping of problematic regions in AE source location
Chlada, Milan ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
Similarly to Global Positioning System, location of material defects by acoustic emission method meets the geometrical dilution of precision (GDOP) phenomena. Besides the several attitudes how to mathematically express its measure and compare particular sensor configurations in accordance with desired location precision, recently proposed method brings extended possibilities for detection of critical regions characterized by strong sensitivity of location results to signal arrival time changes or errors. Analogically to GDOP parameter it yields the sensitivity map available even for non-continuous or anisotropic materials. During the computation it uses the algorithm for finding the shortest ways in discretely defined bodies, which furthermore enables to view the problem through the so-called similarity and ambiguity maps.
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An explicit time scheme with local time stepping for one-dimensional wave propagation in a bimaterial bar
Kolman, Radek ; Cho, S.S. ; Gonzalez, J.G. ; Park, K.C. ; Berezovski, A.
In this paper, we test a two-time step explicit scheme with local time stepping. The standard explicit time scheme in finite element analysis is not able to keep accuracy of stress distribution through meshes with different local Courant numbers for each finite element. The used two-time step scheme with the diagonal mass matrix is based on the modification of the central difference method with pullback interpolation. We present a numerical example of one-dimensional wave propagation in a bimaterial elastic bar. Based on numerical tests, the employed time scheme with pullback interpolation and local stepping technique is able to eliminate spurious oscillations in stress distribution in numerical modelling of shock wave propagation in heterogeneous materials.
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