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Optimalizace výběru senzorů pro lokalizaci zdrojů akustické emise
Chlada, Milan ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
Podobně jako v případě globálního polohového systému (GPS) se v případě lokalizace materiálových defektů metodou akustické emise (AE) setkáváme s efektem tzv. snížení přesnosti vlivem geometrie (GDOP). Kromě možností stávajících přístupů k analýze a porovnání různých konfigurací senzorů z hlediska přesnosti lokalizace přináší nově navržená metoda další výhody při detekci kritických oblastí charakterizovaných velkou citlivostí k chybám určení začátků signálů. Analogicky k parametru GDOP umožňuje výpočet tzv. citlivostních map i pro případy nespojitých těles, či anizotropních materiálů. Vychází z algoritmu hledání nejkratších cest v diskrétně zadaných tělesech, což generuje další náhledy na problematiku skrze podobnostní mapy a schémata nejednoznačností.
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Ultrasonic biopolymer characterisation by hysteresis quantification
Zatloukalová, Jana ; Tokar, Daniel ; Kopecká, Karolína ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
Nonlinear characteristics are advanced indicators of the structure of viscoelastic materials. In this contribution, we focus on biopolymers (such as articular cartilage and skin tissue), and their typical amount of energy lost by mechanical loading/unloading represented by a hysteresis curve. For hysteresis modeling we use the PreisachMayergoyz space model, and restricted power distribution (Guyer extended distribution). Besides the power distribution parameters, the stress protocol is required as an input to obtain the modeled hysteresis curve, and to compare with experimental results. Knowing the experimental curve, an iterative numerical procedure for identification of true density function of opening and closing pressures was applied, and an optimization algorithm sought for the best (characteristic) distribution parameters for the specific soft tissue. Material properties can be evaluated based on the described quantification, and potentially used for medical purposes and healing or cosmetics treatment evaluation.
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NDT in additive manufacturing of metals
Převorovský, Zdeněk ; Krofta, Josef ; Kober, Jan
In this study we tested possibilities of nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS) methods to classify two types of artificially created defects in Ti-6Al-4V prismatic samples fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) system. Two series of samples with variable internal defects were tested: samples with central circular defects (missing material gaps), and samples with gradually growing stochastic porosity. Each group of samples contained also fully compact sample for a comparison. Five ultrasonic NEWS procedures were used to classify defects variability. Relatively simple experimental facility with two piezoelectric transducers allows interrogate samples and record their response. The best results, documented in this paper, were obtained by two modifications of NWMS procedure. Results of NEWS tests indicate that selected NEWS procedures can be used also for online AM monitoring.
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On finite element modelling in time reversal problems
Mračko, Michal ; Kober, Jan ; Kolman, Radek ; Převorovský, Zdeněk ; Plešek, Jiří ; Masák, Jan ; Kruisová, Alena
In this paper we analyse suitability and accuracy of computational techniques in time reversal applications based on finite element method (FEM) for detection and localization of defects, cracks or other acoustic emission sources in bodies and structures. As it is known, a classical explicit integration scheme - central difference is reversible. The central difference scheme as a time integrator is widely used for linear and nonlinear finite element analyses and it is also implemented in commercial and open-source finite element software. In the paper properties of the explicit FEM in time reversal problems are studied and analysed. We use the standard Galerkin FEM formulation with linear shape functions, one-point Gauss integration and lumped mass matrix. Loading by the Ricker pulse was applied for modelling of the acoustic source in an elastic square domain. A special attention is paid to the choice of boundary conditions in reverse problem which keep the reversibility of problems of interest. Finally, we show the quality of refocusing of the original acoustic source.
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Mapping of problematic regions in AE source location
Chlada, Milan ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
Similarly to Global Positioning System, location of material defects by acoustic emission method meets the geometrical dilution of precision (GDOP) phenomena. Besides the several attitudes how to mathematically express its measure and compare particular sensor configurations in accordance with desired location precision, recently proposed method brings extended possibilities for detection of critical regions characterized by strong sensitivity of location results to signal arrival time changes or errors. Analogically to GDOP parameter it yields the sensitivity map available even for non-continuous or anisotropic materials. During the computation it uses the algorithm for finding the shortest ways in discretely defined bodies, which furthermore enables to view the problem through the so-called similarity and ambiguity maps.
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Condition monitoring of thrust ball bearings using continuous AE
Chlada, Milan ; Nohal, L. ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
Fast and reliable analysis of continuous AE recorded during endurance tests on flat washer parts reliably simulating critical rolling contact fatigue of the full-scale bearings is presented in the paper. Two channels of continuous AE signal were partially recorded within whole specimen lifetime tests and compared with other experimental parameters as vibration rate or temperature. As an alternative to classical spectrogram analysis, we proposed to use histograms of time intervals between threshold amplitudes crossings in various frequency bands represented by the wavelet decomposition. Results obtained on long-time records are discussed, illustrating advantages of proposed AE signal processing, which can be done in real time to observe the processes before the onset of the final damage on the surface of the specimen more precisely than vibrodiagnostics.
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Ultrasonic characterization of CFRP anisotropy
Kling, M. ; Tokar, Daniel ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
In the paper, a new method for evaluation of CFRP (carbon fiber-reinforced plastic) anisotropy is presented. Such material is composed of carbon fabric, i. e. epoxy layers with different orientation, which makes material stronger and lighter. These specific properties are generally used in aerospace and automotive industry. Measurement method is based on a special multi-directional ultrasonic probe with eight built-in piezoceramic elements used for elastic wave propagation measurement. CFRP anisotropy evaluation is twofold: the first method is based on determination of the wave propagation velocities in different directions. The second way exploits the spectral non-linearity between harmonic frequencies’ ratios and signal amplitude, which is an important parameter for defects’ detection in NDT (non-destructive testing). Both experimental data were statistically validated and the obtained results are promising for further use in the field of research and industry.
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Systém pro automatizovanou lokalizaci impaktů
Chlada, Milan ; Kober, Jan ; Převorovský, Zdeněk ; Krofta, Josef
Podstatou navrhovaného terčového systému pro on-line vyhodnocování přesnosti zásahů je využití metody akustické emise (AE), známé především z oblasti nedestruktivního testování materiálů (NDT), kde se osvědčila nejen pro lokalizaci defektů. Jelikož dopad projektylu např. na ocelovou desku vybudí elastickou vlnu šířící se z místa nárazu rovnoměrně do všech směrů, lze na základě zpoždění příchodu vln do detekčních míst určit polohu impaktu. Na desce tedy nemusejí být v místě dopadu žádné senzory, které by hrozily poškozením. Zásadní částí terčového systému je zmiňovaná impaktní deska se zabudovanými senzory AE, kterou lze vhodně dimenzovat a uzpůsobovat, čímž je zaručena univerzálnost principu řešení. Zpráva pojednává především o výrobě snímačů a lokalizačních algoritmech. V samém závěru je uvedena reálná demonstrace systému.
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In situ calibration of acoustic emission sensors
Kober, Jan ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
Calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors is recommended when comparing results of separate experiments or when studying frequency content of AE events. However conventional methods of AE sensor calibration require a reference sensor and/or special test specimen, equipment which is not readily available for most. Furthermore the calibration results are only approximately transferrable to practice, because they depend on bonding conditions and mechanical properties of the medium. A reference-free in situ method of sensors frequency responses determination based on standardized reciprocal calibration and time reversal method is proposed.
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Shortest Ways Finding in Discrete Bodies
Chlada, Milan ; Převorovský, Zdeněk
Estimation of the shortest wave-path is a crucial task not only in the field of acoustic emission (AE) source location. Recently designed method for solving the problem was inspired by Huygens' principle as easy to implement alternative suitable for discretized 2D or 3D 'bitmap' pictures of a body. This approach also enables tracing of elastic waves propagating in structures of complicated shapes without mathematical models and collecting sufficient amount of representative data for AE source location algorithms based on database searching or artificial neural networks. The new method already showed its advantages and potentialities in practical tasks as discussed.
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