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Impact of taxes and benefits on income inequality in the Czech Republic
Hospodka, Jakub ; Pavel, Jan (advisor) ; Vaskovskyi, Anton (referee)
The aim of this Bachelor thesis is to analyze the impacts of the tax system and the state social support benefits on the level of income inequality in the Czech Republic between 2004 and 2014. The space is also devoted to anchoring both systems and explaining the part of their functioning that is relevant for the mentioned topic. The Gini coefficient, the Robin Hood Index and the S80 / S20 ratio are used to quantify income inequality. The analysis consists of the creation of four income categories based on the EU SILC survey and the subsequent application of the above-mentioned indicators.
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New new bottom billion: Poverty and regional differences in price levels around the world
Šedivý, Marek ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Schwarz, Jiří (referee)
New new bottom billion: Poverty and regional differences in price levels around the world Author: Marek Šedivý Supervisor: Petr Janský, PhD. Abstract Comparable national price levels are a fundamental instrument for any research attempting to compare economic indicators of various countries. Nowadays they are produced by a number of organizations, namely the World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Penn World Tables. However these are provided only on national level even though significant evidence of inter-regional differences in price levels exists. This could lead to a bias of income-based economic indicators. Systematic assessment of the impact of spatial price differences on income-based economic indicators was done in this thesis. On the basis of the existing research it estimates regional price levels for a sample of 21 high and middle income countries. By combination of these indicators with income survey data provided by the Luxembourg Income Study it constructs Gini coefficients and poverty headcount ratios both adjusted and unadjusted for regional price levels. Significant and persistent evidence of bias induced by regional price levels is found throughout the sample. In the majority of cases the failure to adjust for spatial price differences leads to...
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The Effect of Globalization on the Income Inequality
Stárek, Martin ; Cahlík, Tomáš (advisor) ; Zeynalov, Ayaz (referee)
In this thesis, we explore the effect of globalization on the income inequality. We examine some features of methodology used in the majority of research on this topic that can have significant impact on results but they are not addressed in the publicly available research. Firstly, we proposed a new method of normalization that creates more stable data and created a new simple index of globalization using this method. This index then yielded more consistent results than the standard globalization indices. Secondly, we found out the most significant variable in a composite index can have no economic or logical interpretation. This was the case with the effect of mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people on the income inequality. This means results of composite indeces should be interpreted carefully and a better analysis is probably estimating effects of all underlying variables individually. Moreover, we found that underlying variables in a composite globalization index can have opposite effects on the income inequality. The effects than cancel out, at least partly, and this can lead to smaller, statistically less significant results. Nevertheless, the overall effect of globalization on the income inequality, though statistically not significant, appeared to be negative. This is the case...
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Anotated translation: : Garrido Koechlin, J. J. (2013) Sobre la pobreza: orígenes, cuentas y evolución en el Perú y el mundo. Revista de Economía y Derecho, vol. 10, nro. 39: 1063 - 137.
Tlustá, Vendula ; Králová, Jana (advisor) ; Obdržálková, Vanda (referee)
This bachelor thesis consists of two parts - the translation and the commentary on it. The first part introduces the functionally equivalent translation of the study Sobre la pobreza: orígenes, cuentas y evolución en el Perú y en el mundo by the Peruvian economist Juan José Garrido Koechlin. The study concerns the origin of poverty in general and describes the current situation in Peru. The second part of the thesis begins with the analysis of the source text according to Současná stylistika and the extratextual and intratextual factors according to Christiane Nord. Then, the overall translation strategy is stated, and finally, the solutions of particular translation problems are described.
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Models of default prediction of a client
Hezoučká, Šárka ; Černý, Rostislav (advisor) ; Hurt, Jan (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to investigate possible improvement of scoring models prediction power in retail credit segment by using structural models estimating the future development of behavioral score. These models contain the informa- tion about past development of the behavioral score by parameters which take into account the sensitivity of clients' probability of default on individual market and life changes. These parameters are estimated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods based on score history. Eight different types of structural models were applied to real data. The diversification measure of individual models is compared using the Gini coefficient. These structural models were compared with each other and also with the existing scoring model of the credit institution which provided the underlying data. 1
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Analysis and prediction of league games results
Šimsa, Filip ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Večeř, Jan (referee)
The thesis is devoted to an analysis of ice hockey matches results in the highest Czech league competition in seasons 1999/2000 to 2014/2015 and to prediction of the following matches. We describe and apply Kalman filter theory where forms of teams represent an unobservable state vector and results of matches serve as measurements. Goal differences are identified as a suitable transformation of a match result. They are used as a dependent variable in a linear regression to find significant predictors. For a prediction of a match result we construct an ordinal model with those predictors. By using generalized Gini coefficient, we compare a diversifica- tion power of this model with betting odds, which are offered by betting companies. At the end, we combine knowledge of odds before a match with other predictors to make a prediction model. This model is used to identify profitable bets. 1
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Models of default prediction of a client
Hezoučká, Šárka ; Černý, Rostislav (advisor) ; Hurt, Jan (referee)
The aim of the presented work is to investigate possible improvement of scor- ing models prediction power in retail credit segment by using structural models estimating the future development of behavioral score. These models contain the information about past development of the behavioral score by parameters which take into account the sensitivity of clients' probability of default on in- dividual market and life changes. These parameters are estimated with Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods based on score history. Eight different types of struc- tural models were applied on the real data. The diversification measure of indivi- dual models is compared using the Gini coefficient. These structural models were compared with each other and also with the existing scoring model of the credit institution which provided the underlying data. 1
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Regression goodness-of-fit criteria according to dependent variable type
Šimsa, Filip ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hlubinka, Daniel (referee)
This work is devoted to the description of linear, logistic, ordinal and multinominal regression models and interpretation of its parameters. Then it introduces a variety of quality indicators of mathematical models and the re- lations between them. It focuses mainly on the Gini coefficient and the coefficient of determination R2 . The first mentioned is established by modifying the Lorenz curve for ordinal and continuous variables and by comparing the estimated proba- bilities for nominal variable. The coefficient of determination R2 is newly defined for the nominal variable and is examined its relationship with Gini coefficient. As- suming normally distributed scores and errors of the model is numerically derived the relation between the Gini coefficient and the coefficient of determiantion for different distribution of continuous dependent variable. Theoretical calculations and definitions are illustrated on two real data sets. 1
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Gini coefficient maximization in binary logistic regression
Říha, Samuel ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hlávka, Zdeněk (referee)
This Bachelor thesis describes a binary logistic regression model. By means of the term loss function a parameter estimation for the model is derived. A "rich" set of "proper" loss functions - beta family of Fisher-consistent loss functions - is defined. In the second part of the thesis, four basic goodness-of-fit criteria - Gini coefficient, C-statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and coefficient of determination R2 are defined. Further on, a possibility of parameter estimation by maximizing the Gini coefficient is analysed. Several algorithms are designed for this purpose. They are compared with so far existing methods in one simulated data set and three real ones. 1
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Estimation and goodness-of-fit criteria in logistic regression model
Ondrušková, Markéta ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Zvára, Karel (referee)
In this bachelor thesis we describe binary logistic regression model and estimation of model's parameters by maximum likelihood method. Then we propose algorithm for the least squares method. In the goodness-of-fit criteria part we define Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, C-statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and coefficient of determination R2 . We derive their relation to different sample coefficients of correlation. We derive typical relation between Gini coeffi- cient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and newly also coefficient of determination R2 via model of normally distributed score of bad and good clients. These derived teoretical results are verified on three real data sets. Keywords: Binary logistic regression, maximum likelihood, ordinary least squa- res, Gini coefficient, coefficient of determination. 1
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