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Effect of long-term breastfeeding on infant growth from birth to two years of age.
Bočková, Kateřina ; Bláha, Pavel (advisor) ; Krásničanová, Hana (referee)
Growth is sensible detector of long-term health condition of children. Observation of growth by means of growth charts are an important aid for practise of paediatricians. This work assesses an influence of long-term breastfeeding on growth of children from birth to 2 years of age and compares the growth of these children with the world study (MGRS) and Czech study (5./6. CAV). The basis for my study was formed from the set of children measured in Dr. Mottlova's office. It was detected, that long-term breastfeeding significantly influences the length and weight of children, when it interacts with age of children. Breast-fed children were smaller (0,6 cm, 1,1 cm, 0,9 cm) and lighter (250 g, 400 g, 210 g) then formula-fed children in 6th , 12th and 18th month of age. The comparison between our study, MGRS and 5./6. CAV proved, that the growth of children in our study is more similar to 5./6.CAV. Key words: growth, human milk, breastfeeding, growth standards, percentile charts.
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Bioarcheologie středověké populace střední Evropy: vztah zdravotního stavu, sociální diferenciace a výživy.
Kaupová, Sylva ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Smrčka, Václav (referee) ; Polet, Caroline (referee)
We studied the dietary behavior and health status of a population that lived in the context of rapid change, including the development of the economic and political structures of states, the adoption of Christianity as well as the subsequent disruption of social structure and the recovery of society. Carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) isotopic values were measured in a sample of 189 adult individuals of both sexes and 74 animals representing different socio-economic contexts (power centers versus the hinterlands) and chronology: the Great Moravian (9th -10th century AD) versus late Hillfort (11th century AD) period. A sample of 41 sub-adults aged 0-6 years, representative of both Great Moravian power centers (Mikulčice) and its rural hinterlands (Josefov), was selected for isotopic analyses of breastfeeding and weaning behavior. Data on growth and frequency of nonspecific stress indicators (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, and endocranial lesions) were analyzed in a sub-adult group. In adults, we focused on dental health (caries, periapical lesions, dental wear, and periodontal disease), the presence of cribra orbitalia and estimated adult stature. Isotopic data of the adult sample showed that the Great Moravian population had a terrestrial diet with a substantial proportion of C4 plants....
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The situation of breastfeeding Slovak mothers based on the sample of selected group of respondents
Troligová, Anna ; Štěpánová, Irena (advisor) ; Jágerová, Margita (referee)
1 Abstract The thesis discusses breastfeeding in terms of cultural anthropology. The theoretical part describes breastfeeding in the historical and social context, while also focusing on the current situation in Slovakia. The research part of the thesis analyzes selected group of eleven Slovak university educated women of the present generation of nursing mothers. The basic research hypothesis is that society and culture affects the relationship of selected group of mothers to breastfeeding. The paper uses the method of semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. Basic sets of issues reflect subjective views and experiences of mothers with these problems. The work concluded that breastfeeding among university-educated mothers is significantly affected. To a large extent, breast feeding is structured in relation to social pressure, and it is also prevalent in women's distinctive individuality.
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Problems related to breastfeeding in cleft disorders
Mlezivová, Veronika ; Schneidrová, Dagmar (advisor)
In my thesis I describe problems related to breastfeeding in children with cleft disordres. In the first part, I present general knowledge general about breastfeeding and cleft disorders and specific problems that occur in particular cleft defects, and their management. I describe alternative feeding methods, considering advantages and disadvantages, and the possible effect on breastfeeding. Second part deals about the effect of breastfeeding on specific complications in children with cleft disorder, such as otitis media, growth retardation and others. The importance of lactation counselling is mentioned in the last part. The goal of my work is to bring the topic to the awareness of health professionals, to provide relevant information, and make the challenge of breastfeeding children with cleft disorders successful.
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Antenatal education and its importance for mothers.
ŠRÁMKOVÁ, Lucie
Childbirth is the most beautiful moment, however, it is also a turning point in life for both women and men. Pregnant women can be afraid of the delivery, therefore, they often seek advice in antenatal preparation courses. Women can start attending the courses anytime, but the most of them start at an advanced stage of pregnancy. In the courses, women get acquainted with the process of pregnancy, in addition, they are being prepared to the delivery, lying-in and breastfeeding. The knowledge gained during these courses lead to the removal of negative emotions associated with the delivery. The introduction of this thesis is theoretical and describes the history of antenatal preparation. In the next part, we focused on the current state of antenatal preparation courses and we divided them into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part of the course is divided into chapters that contain information pregnant women should receive in the antenatal preparation courses. The part describes pregnancy, maternity and parental leave, the selection of the maternity hospital, when to go to the hospital and what to take with you, accompaniment in the delivery room, preparation for the delivery, pain relief, the period of lying-in, child care and breastfeeding. The practical part of the course describes what are the appropriate physical activity during pregnancy, practicing breathing and relaxing positions during the delivery. The aim of the research part of this thesis was to determine whether mothers are satisfied with antenatal preparation courses management in Pribram and surroundings and whether they will use the information provided in the courses. The practical part was conducted using qualitative research techniques. The data was gathered through interviewing using semi-structured interviews. These interviews were recorded and subsequently processed and rewritten for better clarity. The obtained data was analyzed by hand coding then. For greater clarity, the results were organized into one main category containing 12 subcategories. The research sample consisted of 6 women who attended an antenatal preparation course in Pribram and surroundings. Interviews were anonymous and were conducted in private, outside the hospital. The first research question dealt with how participants evaluate the quality of antenatal preparation courses in Pribram and surroundings. The research revealed that the majority of interviewees (70%) was satisfied with the antenatal preparation courses management in the area and the course was positively evaluated. Most women recommends to visit an antenatal preparation course, at least during the first pregnancy. The results show that the midwives who led the courses seemed to be nice and friendly to the respondents. There was only 1 respondent who was not satisfied with the midwife. The second research question focused on how participants use the information provided in antenatal preparation courses. The survey showed that the most frequently used information gained from the courses include information about breathing during the delivery, child care, lying-in and breastfeeding and about organizational matters. The third research question concentrated on lack of information in antenatal preparation courses. The results revealed that a half of respondents did not miss any information during the course. The second half of interviewees lacked information about C-section and about the rights during the delivery and breastfeeding. After analyzing the survey, it was discovered that women learn valuable information in antenatal preparation courses that helps them during the delivery and taking care of the child then. The results of this thesis might be used to improve and extend the prenatal care for pregnant women and midwives leading the antenatal preparation courses. A recommendation we can make for birth attendants is to spread information about the rights during the delivery.
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Means and measures of brest´s problems during brestfeeding period
HAVELKOVÁ, Zuzana
Breastfeeding is irreplaceable mode of child's nutrition. Its importance is proved in general and its irreplaceability as well. Profit of breastfeeding goes to a mother and a child too. During the proces of breastfeeding women may face different breast problems. The task for the competent healthcare staff is to propose suitable solution and enable them to continue breastfeeding in full. The qualified person is midwife and child ward nurse as well. The Thesis deals with a role of the above mentioned staff considering breastfeeding and solving breast problems. The Thesis consist of two parts, a theoretical and a practical ones. The theoretical part is divided into three main chapters. The first one named Breastfeeding focuses on introduction in a set area. Given knowledge is necessary for enhancing breastfeeding and solving its problems. The second chapter deals with single difficulties with breast and their solving. The third one describes midwives' profession and its role in a field of breastfeeding. The practical hal fis devoted to women with breast difficulties during childbed and also to midwives and pediatric nurses, who are in charge during such women hospitalization. For given research we set three aims. The first is to chart the situation, prevaling issues with breast while breastfeeding. The second is to find out the amount of stress put to prevent breast' problems in this period from the childbed women point of view. The last one is to trace the solving of such problems in County Hospital Jindřichův Hradec and Regional Hospital České Budějovice. The quality research was chosen with means of self made partly structured dialogue. People to respond were deliberately chosen. One set consisted of ten nurses from childbed ward, who are responsible of solving breast problems during mothers' hospital stay.There were four pediatric nurses and one midwife from each hospital. České Budějovice hospital's nurses were from Physiological newborn ward and Jindřichův Hradec hospital's nurses were from Childbed ward. The mode of selection was influenced by tradition, that help with breastfeeding is given mainly by pediatric nurses only seldom by midwives. The other set was made of mothers, who experienced problems with breast during breastfeeding period. Five of them delivered their babies in České Budějovice's and five in Jindřichův Hradec's hospitals. Research survey has been taking place since February till April 2015. Data given went through qualitative analysis. On basis of given research guestions we came to conclusion that the main problem which troubles women in childbed were mastitis and wounded and flat nipples. Improvement of breast problem prevention should help in prenatal field. Within hospitalization pediatric nurses and midwives put a stress in prevention concerning only women chosen by them. Negative judgement on prevention of breast problems came from experienced women in childbed. It is important, that person concerned has an equivalent approach to all the women when it comes to prevention. Problems solving was mainly positively evaluated. Although they found very important besides given advices also the higher emphasis for psychice side of mather. The output of the Thesis was creation of a leaflet which deals with prevention and solution of breast problems. The leaflet might be obtained inantenatal care and gidance centers.
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Feeding strategies for premature infants (24th-34th gestational week) on discharge from the hospital.
GAZDOVÁ, Zdenka
According to the experts, the breastfeeding support and education of mothers in the Czech Republic is insuficient. There is declining number of children who are brestfed exclusively to six months of life, premature babies posing even greater problem in this matter. Much of this problematic trend resides in the lack of support for mothers. A major problem in the Czech Republic is the fact that there are still a few maternity hospitals which are arranged so that mothers can be with their babies immediately after birth, especially if we talk about preterm newborns. Breastfeeding is the most important way to ensure the healthiest nutritional needs of an infant. It allows not only nutrition, but also feeling of safety and security, which is very important in proper development of the child. Furthermore, the breastfeeding contributes to the creation of solid emotional relationship between mother and child. Among other things, breastfeeding is undoubtedly the cheapest possible child nutrition. Goal of this thesis is to draw attention to a small number of premature babies, who are fully breastfed at discharge from the hospital leading to many negative consequences such as reduced immunity, psychosocial issues, et cetera. In our opinion, the problem is caused by lack of time, excessive workload of nurses and doctors' little initiative. Through this thesis we would like to draw attention to current knowledge and information about the breastfeeding preterm infants in perinatal centers. We also mapped the number of premature babies fully breastfed at discharge from hospital and identified through research the causes of low prevalence of breastfeeding these children. Another objective was to map the knowledge and skills of nurses in practice, to determine the connection between these skills and the difference in diet between compared hospitals. Finally, we propose solutions to the identifed shortcomings. The theoretical part processed characteristics of a premature baby, anatomy and physiology of breastfeeding and its benefits for the child, proper breastfeeding technique, the importance of nurses in the management of breastfeeding and activities to promote breastfeeding in the Czech Republic and in the world. In the empirical part we used qualitative and quantitative research. We collected data in three randomly selected perinatal centers in the Czech Republic during the fourth quarter of 2012. The stated objectives of the study were processed using a questionnaire, content analysis of documents and methodology and regression trees. The research showed that all of the top centers have similar level of child care. However, there are significant differences in nutrition and ways of feeding the children and nursing care. The study showed that child nutrition at discharge from hospital is different, and this may have an impact on the later development of the child, as evidenced by other studies. Differences in nursing care most relevant to the proper and effective education of the mothers, which both can be observed from the investigation, have the greatest impact on the type of diet at the end of the hospitalization of the infant.
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The impact of problematic breastfeeding on woman's psyche
MELÁNOVÁ, Hana
The Bachelor thesis deals with the issue of breastfeeding and consequential complications in connection with women's psyche. The theoretical part consists of two main areas. In the first one the physiology of lactation is described, the principles of initiation of breastfeeding after a birth so as to ensure the optimal start and further course of lactation and also the most common problems that may occur during breastfeeding. The second area focuses on the psyche of women after childbirth and deals with the psychological disorders. The research part of the Bachelor's thesis dealt with the experience of women with problematic breastfeeding in relation to their body. There were set two basic objectives. The first one was to determine the impact of the problem with breastfeeding on the psyche of women and the second one was to find out, whom women solve problems with breastfeeding with. Two research questions came out of these two goals. The first examined the manner how breastfeeding problems affect the psyche of women. The second, with whom women address the problem of breastfeeding and where they usually seek for help. For the implementation of the research investigation was used the method of qualitative research investigation. Data collection was carried out by a structured interview. The content analysis was performed, then the processing of the acquired data was made by categorization. The answers of respondents were arranged in one category (The way of Nutrition-Breastfeeding) and 8 subcategories (the choice of the way of nutrition, family, Opinion, women's Awareness, a preparation for breastfeeding, a breastfeeding, an access to Course/PA, breastfeeding problems, feelings of women). The most important fact were processed for clarity to diagrams and categorization tables. In the description of results direct testimony of respondents were used. Research file consists of women in a period of 6 months after childbirth, where problems with breastfeeding appeared. All 8 women voluntarily agreed to participate in this research. The talks took place in the domestic environment of women in the agreed time during the March 2015. The women came from the District of Strakonice, Prachatice and Písek. From the research investigation it is obvious that women are aware of the benefits that breastfeeding brings and therefore they prefer breastfeeding as the best way of a child's nutrition. But the preparation for breastfeeding is often underestimated already in the pregnancy, thus women are not prepared to any complications. This work showed that the psychology of women after childbirth is very fragile and problematic breastfeeding, when mothers cannot adequately and fully feed their babies with breast milk, is a situation that has a negative impact on their mental state. Women almost identically felt that as their failure, which was accompanied by disappointment, sadness, hopelessness, exhaustion, stress, etc. One could say that the rate of psychological problems was directly proportional to the desire for long-term breastfeeding of a child. The interview with respondents revealed several factors that negatively affected the course of lactation as a lack of theoretical and practical training on breastfeeding in pregnancy, information about breastfeeding in women in general, a lack of support from health care professionals in maternity hospitals, exaggerated expectation from nursing women or improper communication with the mothers in case of an assistance in overcoming the difficulties after the release from the hospital and also a lack of support from the family side. The solution lies in particular in the awareness of women and their families, support of self esteem of women during pregnancy, the prevention of potential problems and high-quality breastfeeding advice either in a maternity hospital or in a home environment. When women faced an issue of breastfeeding and looked for help, all of them mentioned they used almost
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Nutrition of infants up to 1 year of age
HAMMEROVÁ, Simona
The objective of the thesis is to examine one of the principles of WHO (exclusive breastfeeding up to the sixth month of age), further analyse the role of the nurse in the education of mothers of infants up to one year of age in the field of nutrition in the surgery of a general practitioner, and finally survey mothers on the level of their knowledge of nutrition of infants up to one year of age. The form of qualitative research was chosen for processing of the theme of this Bachelor's thesis. The depth interview technique by the method of questioning was chosen for obtaining data. The acquired data were consequently analysed by the method of open coding.Two research groups were created, the first group was made by seven mothers having at least one infant aged at least 11 months. Six categories have been identified from the interviews with the nurses by the result of open coding. Five categories have been identified from the interviews with the mothers. All individual categories have subcategories with encoded results; everything is shown in organized charts.
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Management of breast-feeding premature infants with the application of classification systems NANDA International, NIC, NOC
MELNIČÁKOVÁ, Bernadetta
In a theoretical part of the paper, the main focus is on characteristics and terminology of premature babies, breastfeeding, classification systems NANDA International, NIC and NOC, about also management which is an integral part of nursing process. Both quantitative and qualitative researches were used to obtain and process all data. In quantitative method was used a method of document was used, content analysis and quasiexperiment. Results of quantitative research were processed in SPSS software, version 16.0 Statistical Package for Social Sciences, where a method of nonparametric correlation was used. A pen and paper interview with open questions was used in qualitative section of research. Before the research itself, a deputy of nursing care in hospital Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. was addressed. The research was implemented between February 2013 and April 2013. First research cluster consisted of nine mothers and eleven premature babies in which two of the mothers had twins. Basic criteria for entering the research, was a necessary hospitalization of both the mother and the child, which the hospital Nemocnice České Budějovice, a. s. offers. The major criterion was an initiated lactation. Second research sample consisted of nurses working at Stanice intermediární péče II. (IMP II ? rooming) of Nemocnice České Budějovice a. s. First of goals was to create files from classification systems NANDA International, NIC, NOC for development and support of breastfeeding for premature babies. The main goal of this work was to create a comprehensive documentation mediated by classification systems NANDA International, NIC, NOC for growth and support of premature babies. The theoretical content of the paper itself was used to create documentation and its usage in praxis. It was not mentioned to create new, but to apply already well known, verified and proven classification systems, which can make not only breastfeeding, but also the daily routine of a nurse more efficient. The suggested documentation solves the issues of breastfeeding of premature babies to help mothers, but also to increase a professional prestige of nurses. Documentation was compiled to include all the necessary information needed for the correct nursing process method. Significant part of documentation is a preliminary case history of mother and child, which offered valuable information. Further attribute were nursing diagnoses dealing with breastfeeding issues of premature babies and intervention realized during hospitalization. It was necessary to address each entry concerned with premature babies individually, based on complex evaluation of overall condition. Many pieces of knowledge from specialized literature on the topic of premature babies and personal experience of doc. PhDr. Mária Bolendovičová, PhD. were used to create the documentation. Second aim of the study was verification of selected specimens on clinical praxis. Third aim was to monitor nurses in Stanice intermediární péče II. (IMP II ? rooming) and their attitude to usage of classification systems NANDA International, NIC and NOC. Based on interviews with nurses it was proven that nurses have better knowledge of NANDA Internationals classification systems than knowledge of NIC and NOC. Final documentation was tested in the perspective of medical staff and its exploitability in clinical praxis. It was found that nurses sense the classification systems NANDA International, NIC and NOC as an appropriate tool, but only with more staff present to work on station. From statements of nurses was clear that establishing a diagnoses is a responsibility of each nurse taking part in nursing process.
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