|
Vaccination refusing and its ethical coherence
BISCHOFOVÁ, Jana
This thesis is named: Vaccination refusing and its ethical coherence. The work consists of several parts. The first part is formed by theoretical possibilities. In this part we focus on the question of ethics. The basic question of this issue is a matter of imaginary dispute which also the ethics describes in its basic principles and which is the principle of nonmaleficence (not to inflict harm intentionally) and principle of beneficence (act for the benefit of others); and also the principle of autonomy and justice. This part further contains overview of compulsory and voluntary vaccination, a short description of each disease, side effects, division of the vaccines, principles of correct immunization and storage of vaccines, and an overview of reasons why the parents refuse vaccination given by the literature. The second chapter is the methodology. We set as a target of our work to identity and analyze ethical problems connected with refusing vaccination and to find out and describe the main reasons of the parents for refusing vaccination of their children. To reach these targets we interviewed twelve mothers and five pediatricians. The third chapter comprises of case studies, which shortly introduce the families, where the parents refuse vaccination for their children and briefly explain the problem in accepting children without vaccination by the pediatricians and society. There are twelve of these case studies. The fourth chapter includes results of the research, which were divided into three parts. The first part consists of reasons why the parents refuse vaccination for their children. There we analyzed five the most given reasons (side effects, different approach to life, composition of the vaccines, no occurrence of the diseases + small risk of infection, low age for vaccination). The second part is created by ethical problems connected with refusing vaccination from the perspective of the parents. During the interview we analyzed seven problems (truthfulness of the information, preventing from collective incorporation, denial of free choice, authority of the state, collective immunity, vaccination as a business, testing of vaccinations). In the third part there are the results of interviews with the doctors. After that follows the discussion. In the discussion there is a confrontation of the perspective of the parents, doctors, other specialists, and my own of the given problematic. In the conclusion I present an overview of the issue and proposals to think about and to the possible solutions.
|
|
Studies on immunoreceptor signaling molecules
Ormsby, Tereza ; Hořejší, Václav (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee) ; Špíšek, Radek (referee)
A delicate balance in the number, specific type and function of leukocytes is required for proper functionality of the mammalian immune system. Innate immunity, which quickly recognizes pathogens, represents the first line of defense. Later, a more specific response is generated via adaptive immunity. Deregulation of the immune system is manifested by the inability to control infection, development of allergic, autoimmune disorders or even cancer, and ultimately can lead to death. To fulfill their functions, cells develop an intricate network of intra- as well as extra-cellular molecules organized into signaling cascades, which allows them to communicate between each other. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways in leukocytes is critical for design of efficient therapies. In this thesis, leukocyte signaling was studied in several aspects. First, the role of adhesion molecules in pathogenesis of cervical cancer and the regulation of their expression was investigated. The second publication describes a new transmembrane adaptor protein (TRAP), called prolin rich 7 (PRR7), as a potentially interesting regulator of signaling and apoptosis in activated T cells. The final publication characterized the role of the Btk kinase downstream of the triggering receptor expressed...
|
|
Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. infecting rodents from genus Apodemus in the Czech Republic
ČONDLOVÁ, Šárka
We investigated the species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium infecting wild rodents from the genus Apodemus in ten areas in the year 2012 in the Czech Republic. A total of 207 faecal samples, 182 samples of Apodemus flavicollis and 25 of Apodemus sylvaticus, were screened for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using both the aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining method and molecular tools. Microscopy examination revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst in 24 samples of Apodemus flavicollis and 1 sample of Apodemus sylvaticus. Genomic DNA was isolated from both microscopy positive and negative samples. Using the nested PCR amplifying gene encoding the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) 25 samples were detected positive for the presence of Cryptosporidium-specific DNA. The same results were obtained also in the nested PCR amplifying gene encoding actin. All microscopy positive samples were also PCR positive. Only 19 samples were successfully sequenced, following phylogeny analyses showed presence of two new genotypes. First genotype is phylogenetically related to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (1 sample) and the second genotype (consisting of several subgroups) related to C. canis (18 samples). The new genotypes seem to be host specific, however this hypothesis needs to be verified using experimental infection in the future. This is the first report of these Cryptosporidium genotypes in Apodemus spp. and for the first time ever.
|
|
The Principles of Prevention of Hospital Infections at the Critical and Intensive Care Units
Němcová, Adéla ; Hejzlarová, Lenka (advisor) ; Jedličková, Anna (referee)
The target of my diploma work was state level of knowledges of nurses about MRSA, further on how nurses observe preventative measure at treating MRSA positive patient and whether they have good conditions for treating in their ward. I accomplished this research in two Prague's hospital in the ICU. I compiled questionnaire to obtain informations and I distributed it to 100 respondents. Recoverability was 76 %. I determined four hypotheses (one was confirmed, one was confirmed partly and two were contradict). I stated that nurses have average knowledges of nosocomial infections theory. Majority of nurses thinks that they are good at observing barrier treatment care.
|
|
Determination and diagnostics of beta-hemolytics streptococcus in clinical microbiology
VOŘÍŠKOVÁ, Martina
The genus of Streptococcus includes gram-positive catalase of negative coccus, which rank into pairs and chains and their colonies are also sometimes very small in enriched soils. Most of species are selectively anaerobic. This genus includes a large number of species with different significance for people ´s disorders, and also the species significant for veterinary medicine. Beta-hemolytic or pyogenic Streptococci important in human medicine include first of all streptococci of A and B group. Streptococcus pyogenes (A group) is the cause of either localised purulent infections, or invasive and toxic diseases, and also late consequences of these infections. The carrying of beta-hemolytic streptococci of B group (Streptococcus agalactiae) is significant especially in pregnant women because it can threaten the mother and the newborn as well. They are the most important causers of newborn meningitis and sepsis. The aim of the thesis is to find out information of determination and detection methods concerning beta-hemolytic streptococci. It is necessary to devote our attention to each streptococcus and determine its type by cultivation, eventually by further supplementary methods. The main role in diagnostics is played by classical cultivation in common (blood agar) or special enriched soils. Each microbiological laboratory chooses its own laboratory procedures. The use of cultivation for capture of beta-hemolytic streptococci and determination of their types by PYR test (for the proof of A group streptococci) and latex agglutination (for confirmation of other groups) seem to be the most convenient. CAMP-test is still the most frequently used method for the proof of group B streptococci. For exclusion of later consequences the assessment of anti-streptolysin O (ASLO) or antideoxyribonuclasis B (ADNB) in serum are often used. All beta-hemolytic streptococci must be regarded as important pathogens namely in whatever locality, that is why the knowledge of basic and special laboratory methods which lead to identification of particular types of these streptococci is very important for clinical microbiology and the treatment of patients.
|
|
Nozokomiální nákazy šířené pracovníky intenzivní péče nemocnice Liberec
MARCINKOVÁ, Helena
The topic of my thesis is Nosocomial infections spread by the personnel of intensive care unit in the hospital in Liberec. The main reason for the choice of this topic was my encounter with this infection when I worked as a nurse during my practical training course. Nosocomial infection can be defined as an infection originating from the encounter between a micro-organism and a patient. The patient can be weakened by his or her primary disorder and therapeutic interventions. This fact helps create an optimal environment for spreading the infection. Nosocomial infections occur only in specific conditions. They represent a problem which is necessary to solve. They affect on average 5 to 10 % of patients. If they are present in organism, the course of primary disorder can worsen and the permanent consequence or death may occur. They also bring adverse economic consequences because they require significant financial costs linked to treatment with prolonged stay in hospital. My thesis was divided into two parts-theoretical and practical. In both of them I tried to find answers to my questions (in form of hypotheses). In theoretical part I described the history of nosocomial infections, which is narrowly related to construction of hospitals; then I mapped the origin and spread of nosocomial infections and also their laboratory diagnostics, treatment and prevention. In practical part I devoted myself to research which is focused on evaluation of level of sanitary washing in medical personnel in intensive care units, and also on personnel ´s knowledge of nosocomial infections by means of questionnaires. I evaluated eighty questionnaires, which were distributed in the hospital in Liberec. The questionnaires were also filled in by students of nursing subject at university in Liberec. These students perform their practical training in the hospital in Liberec. The results of research show that sanitary washing of medical personnel in intensive care unit is adequate and their knowledge of nosocomial infections is average. The knowledge of students is average, too. The research proves that sanitary washing is not an adequate prevention of nosocomial infections.
|
|
Evaluation of properties of new HILIC stationary phases for pteridins using UHPLC-FD method
Kaufmannová, Iva ; Nováková, Lucie (advisor) ; Šatínský, Dalibor (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of analytical chemistry Candidate: Iva Kaufmannová Supervisor: PharmDr. Lucie Nováková, Ph.D. Title of Doctoral Thesis: Evaluation of properties of new HILIC stationary phases for pteridins using UHPLC-FD method The subject of this thesis was to evaluate the characteristics of three new types of HILIC stationary phases for the identification and quantification of biologically active substances biopterin, neopterin, dihydrobiopterin and dihydroneopterin by UHPLC with fluorescence detection. Neopterin is used as a marker of immune system activation and inflammatory diseases. Its early detection in urine or plasma may indicate a pathological immune activity. Elevated concentration of neopterin is described in viral or bacterial diseases, in autoimmune diseases in HIV infection or in malignant tumors. 7,8 - dihydroneopterin is able to prevent proteins and lipoproteins from oxidative damage. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) is a chromatographic method that can be used to improve retention of very polar compounds. It uses a polar stationary phase and mobile phase containing a certain amount of water and polar solvents. UHPLC is the most advanced separation technology to develop a pressure of about 100 MPa....
|
|
Current possibilities of laboratory diagnostics of pneumococcal infections
ČAPKOVÁ, Irena
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) can be common colonizing flora of human nasopharynx, but it also can be one of the main patogens causing invasive pneumococcal disease. It is diagnosed directly, using various methods, such as microscopy, cultivation, identification, or non-cultivation proof of antigen or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). First part of my thesis is dedicated to the description of the Streptococcus genus, including species S. pneumoniae. Morphology, physiology, antigenic structure, pathogenesis and pathogenicity of this bacterial race and species is described, as well as theoretical description of laboratory diagnostics methods. In methodics, the identification methods are described as they were used for diagnostics of S. pneumoniae in the Laboratory of medicinal microbiology, Department of bacteriology Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s. It also includes description of cultivation of biological samples, which was S. pneumoniae isolated from, and several identification tests which can differentiate S. pneumoniae from other viridans streptococci. Two basic, commonly used identification tests were used for diagnostics test of sensitivity to optochin and test of solubility in bile-sodium deoxycholate. Test of solubility using sodium deoxycholate is a basic test in diagnostics of S. pneumonia. Out of 127 species which were positive in the solubility test, 114 were also positively tested for sensitivity to optochin. Test of sensitivity to optochin had 89,9% accuracy. Four species primarily identified as viridans streptococci were tested using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). This specific, fast and accurate method cannot be fully used for identification of S. pneumoniae however, because its genotype is far too similar to the one of Streptococcus oralis/mitis. Two tests were used and described to prove the antigen S. pneumoniae imunochromatographic test and latex agglutination reaction. Out of 266 examined samples, antigen was found in fifteen cases in urine and cerebrospinal fluid using the imunochromatographic test, and in seven cases, the antigen was proved using the latex agglutination reaction. These two methods are highly specific and provide fast information about the presence of the antigen S. pneumoniae in the examined sample and subsequently about the possibility of pneumococcus infection. Another highly specific test used for diagnostics of severe pneumococcus diseases is DNA proof using PCR methods, which was successful in 5 cerebrospinal fluid samples, which were examined simultaneously in the Laboratory of molecular biology and genetics of Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s.
|
guest ::
