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The Application of Essential oils Encapsulated into Nanoclay for Shelf-life Improvement of Fresh Chicken Meat
Vojtíšková, Zuzana ; Klouček, Pavel (advisor) ; Fraňková, Adéla (referee)
This dissertation aims to introduce essential oils as effective antimicrobial substances suitable for food preservation, focusing on the shelf life of meat. Meat is food which is - due to its high nutrient content - susceptible to microbial spoilage. Decaying of meat can be delayed by the selection of appropriate preservation methods. Nowadays there are increasingly used preservative modern methods which differ from classical preservatives procedures mainly in the consideration to the food. As very promising method can be considered preservation by essential oils. In the experimental part of this thesis the effect of encapsulated essential oils into the clay nanoparticles for the shelf life of fresh chicken meat is assessed. For the purpose of the experiment thyme essential oil and oil of savory in two different concentrations (oil:nanoclay - 1:5, 1:10 w/w) were used. Pieces of chicken meat (5 g) were inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and then coated with the clay nanoparticles with the encapsulated essential oils. That treated meat was stored at 4 °C and assessed at 1st, 7th and 14th day of storage, together with three controls. Samples of the chicken meat were explored in terms of microbiological parameters and their inhibitive effect against pathogenic bacteria was examined. Samples were also subjected to sensory analysis, which should provide potential impact of essential oils on the organoleptic characteristics of meat. The results confirmed the antimicrobial activity of both essential oils against pathogenic bacteria. Thyme essential oil, however, showed greater inhibitory activity compared with oil of savory. Thyme essential oil has reduced in both tested bacteria their number in more than 3.5 log CFU.g-1 compared to the controls. Less favorable results were observed in the case of sensory analysis, because in terms of organoleptic characteristics the concentrations of oils were not accepted positively by the assessors. The samples treated with essential oils had undesirable bitter and pungent taste.
This work confirmed the antimicrobial activity of thyme and savory essential oils, which can be used for preservation of fresh meat. But the real application of the essential oils in food may be significantly limited by their impact on the organoleptic characteristics of the product.
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Dietary and other allergies in animals
Kubíčková, Jana ; Kodeš, Alois (advisor) ; Hučko, Boris (referee)
Allergies are currently problems not only people, alsomostly animals.This bachelor thesis is mainly focusing on a few selected allergies and their symptoms, which are occuring in animals. Firstly, the basic concepts of alergology isdescribed along with anature and emergence of allergies. An allergy can beunderstoodas an immune response of the organism to antigens, which come from an external environment. They couldoriginate from inhalation, contact, insect or drug allergens. There are four known types of hypersensitivity reactions.
Secondly, the thesis focuses on the explanation of allergiesdiagnoses, which arecarried out differently according to the type of presumed allergy. Most frequently used are dermaltests followed by dietonesconsisting of nourishment that is without componentsthat might potentially cause food allergies. Clinical signs and symptoms help us to reveal the type of allergy we are dealing with and what is its exact form. Some of those symptoms might be gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory difficulties or skin manifestations of allergies. Further, there will be stated examples of allergies that give difficulties to animals as well as their treatment options. The primary treatment is the removal of the identified allergen from the environment in which the animal lives.
If the allergen can not be removed from everyday life, a specific allergen therapy might be the a solution.The method is based on the gradual administration of increasing doses of the antigen into the organism. This ensures a sufficient cumulative dose of allergen inthe body, which causes the alleviation of clinical symptoms, or even the complete disappearance of difficulties in the exposure to the allergen.
This desensibilization also referred to as hyposensibilization currently seems to be the best method of treatment, especially for the hypersensitivity reactions.Method of specific allergen therapy shows great results and in the future will certainly be very used. Veterinary doctors and different companies,
however, are working on new research related to treatmentof allergies and so it is very likely that not only the method of allergen therapy, but other methods of suppression of symptoms will be in the future replaced by other, better methods of treatment.
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The use of Bach flower remedies in dogs
Křížová, Kristýna ; Barták, Miroslav (advisor) ; Klimešová, Vanda (referee)
Fytoterapy, a plant medicine is focusing itself on using effective plant substances for their following application by drug making or as a direct distribution to the patient for curing.
Patients are nowadays demanding a combination of classical and natural cure, especially after a number of evidences, which found that an extensive use of synthetic drugs can cause serious negative consequences.
On the contrary, when using natural cure of Bach flower therapy, no negative influences or harmfulness were proven, even with incorrect dosage. Flower therapy of an English doctor Edward Bach can be used for animals or humans and consists of regenerating of balance of emotional states, there fore even abnormal behavior. Bach created a system of 38 leaves, which he thoroughly examined to discover their healing effects. The only mixture which was prepared by doctor Bach in person is known as a Crisis essence. Bach believed that the actual patient and the cause of disease should be cured rather, than only the disease consequences.
During his life, Edward Bach has spread his findings further on to his colleagues on various lectures a congresses and also to a general public by the books, which he wrote. Thanks to the cooperation of Edward Bach and a homeopathic company called Nelsons, the Bach essences could be spread across the world. This tradition has persisted up to today times with every application of dr. Bach approaches and instructions.
The effect of flower essences is unique in way that makes it to possible to experience particular feelings without suffering from panic or shock, which usually occurs when using common tranquilizing mediums or anti-depressive drugs, that only suppress the perception without the problem itself being necessarily solved.
The outcome of strong emotional bindings between owner and its animal can be often described as a transition of our moods, stress, etc. onto our animal. Emotional tension can be a root cause of health problems with behavioral or nerve symptoms. The use of Bach flower therapy for animals can therefore be beneficial, because it regenerates balance and harmony of true animal temperament and cures diseases, which have originated due to living with human.
Using Flower Essence is still expanding, especially among holistic and homeopathic veterinarians and other experts, including ethologists. Unfortunately, unlike homeopathic products, in which have been done extensive tests with the treatment of animals, with Flower Essence there was only a few, if any at all. These output studies mostly work with the placebo effect and testing in human subjects did not bring general results. Recent several studies shows that at least on an emotional level, Bach flower therapy can be further studied and developed. In the near future Phytopharmacy made it its mission to explore and validate the traditional healing of herbs. Perhaps the same thing will happen with the Bach flower therapy.
Using essence is wide, in critical situations it is advisable to use the essence before veterinary treatment and as a supplement of veterinary treatment. Essence can be used directly in the mouth, which is the most common potential gain of Flower Essence by animal or also in water, food, baths and as a spray. On a properly chosen essence animals react immediately, however the response is very individual. Therefore it is also necessary to choose individual flower essences for a particular individual with a specific problem. Edward Bach divided his 38 blossoms into 7 groups, where each of them represents one of the main negative attitude. A description of which essence corresponds with which therapeutic effect and therefore treatment of problem behavior, it is necessary and we can say that even the use of Bach flower therapy with dogs is crucial.
To approach this issue, this work uses a survey, which was focused on finding the awareness of Bach Flower Therapy dog owners and its possible uses. The most common problem behavior or health problem was examined and solved with Bach flower therapy, as well as adherence to the recommended dosage.
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Microbiology of unfiltered beers from craft breweries and the possibility of shelf life extending
Janíková, Jolana ; Rada, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Chládek, Ladislav (referee)
In the last ten years can be recorded a multiple number of minibreweries, called sometimes craft breweries I tis not caused only by demand of kinds of beer characterised by special types of beer styles, but as well by the fact, that they are not anyway regulated
and keep their natural taste and smell. The problém of unregulated (unfiltered
and unpasteurized) beers starts by the contamination during their production and it may cause their relatively fast spoiling. Shelf life of these beers is e few weeks only. The time of their minimal shelf life is influenced by a lot of factors content of alcohol, rest extract
and mentioned extent of contamination. The breweries called as industrial or commercional treat their beers by pasteurization or filtration which cause inactivation or killing of the microorganisms or their elimination. These beers are microbiologically stabile, they are not liable to quick spiling and i tis possible to insure their longer shelf life. Pasteurized a filterd beers show changes in their sensorial character.
The aim of this diploma thesis was to determinate the condition of flash pasteurization of unfiltered beers with the aim of microbiological stability and simultaneously no changes
of their sensorial quality. The experiment is finally in treatment unfiltered beer by differnt dosing of pasteurization units and following microbiological analysis, able to demonstrate
the stability effect. The analysis were used with unfiltered and unpasteurized beers
and with unfiltered beers where the pasteurization doses 20 PU, 30 PU, 40 PU, 60 PU, 80 PU and 100 PU were used. The idividual parameters were watched within the horizont
of 4 months. The part of these tests was even microbiological analysis of the rinse water.
Another task was to find out the dates from the microbiological controls of beer
in selected small breweries, which use in order to heighten of microbiological stability, different kinds of filtration, to verify their effectivity and to appreciate their acceptability
for minibreweries.
The test showed the effectiveness of pasteurization of unfiltered beer with the rations 40 PU minimally. Where higher ratins were used could be seen apparent sensorial changes. The pasteurization of unfiltered beers are for craft breweries useful only in case of higher production of bottled beer or beer for export, because the financial expenses bound
with provision flash pasteurizer are to big and for minibreweries mostly limiting.
The kieselguhr filtration as well the ultrafiltration are for minibreweries unusefull, as they could not be able to insure such conditions that provide their proper affectiveness.
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Poikilothermic traits in Mashona mole-rat (Fukomys darlingi). Reality or myth?
ZEMANOVÁ, Milada
The African mole-rats is a mammalian family well known for a variety of ecophysiological adaptations for strictly belowground life. The Mashona mole-rat (Fukomys darlingi) is supposed to have strong poikilothermic traits, because it is not able to maintain a stable body temperature at ambient temperatures below 20°C. In our study, we measured resting metabolic rate and body temperature of Mashona mole-rats across a gradient of ambient temperatures to test its poikilothermic traits. Tested mole-rats show typical mammalian pattern in resting metabolic rates. And their body temperature was stable at ambient temperatures from 10 to 25°C. We thus cannot confirm poikilothermic traits in this species.
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Legislative requirements for milk quality in the Czech Republic
Škvorová, Kamila ; Hejtmánková, Alena (advisor) ; Michlová, Tereza (referee)
The aim of the thesis was to give a comprehensive review of literature dealing with legislative measures, milk production in terms of sales of milk and its storage. We used the most current Czech and European legislation. These sources have been supplemented thematically compliant scientific and professional publications.
Milk is a primary since the Middle Ages and sought food which people consume every day. Along with dairy milk a deserved popularity mainly due to its rich composition and nutritional and health properties. The main components of milk include water, lactose, fat, protein and minerals. Milk however can also include foreign substances of organic and inorganic origin and unwanted microflora. Microorganisms are particularly dangerous to humans and are considered a major source of foodborne illnesses. To eliminate unwanted microflora, extending shelf life and maintain public safety is used heat treatment, including pasteurization and treatment of very high temperature (UHT). This treatment must be carried out according to established requirements and specifications.
If a consumer buys a dairy product in the Czech Republic retains its quality as well. All animal products, including products imported to the Czech market, are compulsorily fitted with oval health mark, which ensures wholesomeness. The quality of the milk is influenced by many factors, most of which are closely linked, and therefore not always easy to identify the specific cause possible reduction in quality standards. Already during the production process, emphasis is put on prevention in the field of quality and safety. Security is guaranteed by a system of determining critical control points HACCP, which is in the Czech Republic and the EU compulsory by law. Among the optional systems include ISO. Most enterprises with good reputation has introduced both these systems. Simultaneous application of HACCP and ISO standards provides a guarantee for the security of the overall quality and safety of products. This connection is known as TQM system.
The main indicators of quality of raw milk are total number of mesophilic microorganisms, somatic cell count, fat content, crude protein residues of inhibiting substances, the average herd size and the number of bred cows. The milk must not contain any preservatives or stabilizers. Meeting the requirements and quality criteria will be checked on the appropriate number of samples that are collected in enterprises producing milk, random checks.
The basic quality criteria of raw milk, food business operators must ensure that:
The content of microorganisms in 1 mL at 30 ° C must be < 100 000. It is found average values for two months for the collection of at least two samples per month.
Somatic cells in 1 ml at 30 ° C must be < 400 000. It is obtained by moving the geometric mean for the three months, every month, evaluates at least one sample.
Immediately before treating the milk must contain 1 ml < 300000 microorganisms at 30 ° C. In the treated milk that is used for the manufacture of other dairy products, may be the content of microorganisms in 1 ml> 100,000 at 30 ° C.
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Evaluation of Natural Elements of the Housing Estate in Kladno-Rozdělov
Němec, Alexandr ; Kupka, Jiří (advisor) ; Diana, Diana (referee)
This bachelor´s thesis deals with evaluation of natural elements of the housing estate in Kladno-Rozdělov. Analysis of this urban area is based on exhaustive filed research. This research identified and analyzed funcional and vegetative forms of greenery and reviewed their condition. Part of search is based on an extensive study of the literature. Outputs are the results in the form of maps and text, supplemented by a large number of photographs mapping the status of the selected locations. On the basis of the public inquiry, is possible to say, that green spaces are an important element for life in this urban area, but due to age and inconsistent care, they are in a bad condition. This condition requires proper intervention by the administrative authorities of the city of Kladno. The first step for redress is plan to created the passport of greenery. For that passport may be very important support and foundation this thesis. Furthermore, this thesis can be used in the context of urban planning at the stage of research and analysis, or to the relevant administrative authorities of the city of Kladno, as a source of information about the quality of the environment and life on the housing estate in Kladno-Rozdělov. Finally, it can served as a basis for proposals for the modification or refurbishment of selected locations in the urban whole.
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Structure of instruments agricultural policy in the Czech Republic.
Vašáková, Daniela ; Malý, Michal (advisor) ; Čechura, Lukáš (referee)
Agrarian sector, as part of the national economy and plays an irreplaceable role in the economy of the state. Its importance is not only in food production, but contributes to the functioning of the national economy. Creating jobs in rural areas, eases the proces of urbanization. Development of agriculture and rural areas and hence reduces economic and social disparities urban and rural population and contribute to the harmonization of the national economy. Current agricultural production is trying to operate within the preservation of natural diversity in the context of sustainable development. Agricultural policy is close lyintert wined with the politics of public administration and regional development. The aimis to respect the traditional agriculture as a means of production in ruralareas, with emphasis on the development of quality of life and prosperity of rural areas, by supporting local regional production, investment in infrastructure, development of new technologies and innovations in agricultural production, training the next generation of farmers and achieving overall competitiveness within the European Union.
Within the EU common agricultural policy, subsidy policy is implemented in a rangeof seven-year programming period. We are now at the beginnin gof the grant cycle in 2014 - 2020. This work aims to analyze the current subsidy period. Develop a conceptof support options and provide an overview of grant programs of the agrarian sector. The aim is to create a scheme that would characterize a comprehensive manner the possibilities of Czech farmers in the use of incentive incentives and funding instruments, both national and from European Union funds.
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