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Evolutionary origins of intracellular symbionts in arthropods
HUSNÍK, Filip
Intracellular symbionts are widespread among arthropods, particularly within insects. Obligate symbiotic associations are known to have originated multiple times between the arthropods feeding on nutrient-poor diets and bacteria from various groups. However, exact phylogenetic positions and relationships among these symbiotic lineages are mostly unclear or vague. This thesis consists of an exemplary case study on the most symbiont-rich bacterial group, Enterobacteriaceae, already published in BMC Biology. It uses advanced phylogenetic tools and extended taxonomic sample to establish phylogenetic relationships among individual symbiotic lineages and their phylogenetic affinity to freeliving relatives. To provide it with broader background, the publication is accompanied by a review on general evolutionary forces influencing origin and maintenance of intracellular symbiosis in arthropods. Apart from overviewing the current known diversity of the symbiotic bacteria, it also points out specific drawbacks in inferring symbionts phylogeny and consequences that can phylogeny have on our understanding of intracellular symbiosis.
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Molecular phylogeny and genome evolution of insect symbiotic bacteria
NOVÁKOVÁ, Eva
Since the introduction of advanced molecular methods the research on insect bacterial symbioses underwent a major focus shift towards large scale phylogenetics and comparative genomics. These new fields provided answers to several fundamental questions of symbiont evolution, functional capabilities of the host-associated bacteria, and the role of symbionts in the host?s biology. However, the vast diversity and complexity of symbiotic relationships still leaves gaps in our understanding to a rich mosaic of various symbiont types, effects and transitions from facultative association to obligate mutualism. The presented study focuses on distribution, diversity, phylogenetic patterns, evolutionary transitions and genome evolution of two less known but ecologically diverse bacterial genera, Arsenophonus and Sodalis. The thesis also takes advantage of the knowledge on a well established symbiotic model between aphids and Buchnera and reveals several evolutionary patterns in the host and symbiont.
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The road of Brazil to the BRICS countries: present situation and perspectives
Beleščák, Dušan ; Cihelková, Eva (advisor) ; De Castro, Tereza (referee)
This thesis aims to describe the evolution of Brazil until the present day, with emphasis on the second half of the last century and the first decade of this century. Its second objective is to introduce the immense potential within the BRICS countries that resides in their cooperation and willingness to change the current power structure of the world, dominated for so long by the west. In this thesis Brazil is being compared to Russia, China, India and South Africa. These countries are also being compared to some of the important western states. The thesis describes strengths and weaknesses of Brazil and the BRICS group. It also tries to predict the future evolution of these countries and different obstacles that can occur on their way to the awaited prosperity, from internal social unrests to global conflicts.
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Possibilities of using dramatic culture in pre-school education
HAKLOVÁ, Veronika
The bachelor´s degree thesis deals with practical use of drama education in a kindergarten. It covers basic theoretical questions like aims, principles and methods of drama education. It focuses on playing games, which is an important activity and pre-school development speciality. Another aim was to point out the connection with the pre-school education curriculum, which is generally compulsory and lays groundstones for further work with children. In the practical part the thesis deals with a project of drama education with pre-school children in a kindergarten.
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The evolution of the social parasitism of Phengaris (Maculinea)
PECH, Pavel
The presented thesis deals with the evolution of the social parasitism of Phengaris (Maculinea) butterflies. It consists of three related problems: I) The phylogeny of Glaucopsyche section (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae) {--} the social parasitism occured only once in the Glaucopsyche section. II) The conditions in which the social parasitism of Phengaris evolved {--} the process was probably facilitated by unique species composition of the myrmecofauna of the biotopes inhabited by the ancestor of Phengaris. III) The host specificity of Phengaris {--} today{\crq}s view on the host specificity of Phengaris is poorly supported.
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Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of chaetophoralean algae (Chlorophyta)
CAISOVÁ, Lenka
Since the human inclination to estimate and trace natural diversity, usable species definitions as well as taxonomical systems are required. As a consequence, the first proposed classification schemes assigned the filamentous and parenchymatous taxa to the green algal order Chaetophorales sensu Wille. The introduction of ultrastructural and molecular methods provided novel insight into algal evolution and generated taxonomic revisions based on phylogenetic inference. However, until now, the number of molecular phylogenetic studies focusing on the Chaetophorales s.s. is surprisingly low. To enhance knowledge about phylogenetic relationships among taxa within the order, the nuclear?encoded SSU rDNA sequences from 30 strains covering all three chaetophoralean families have been investigated. All revealed monophyletic groupings were further screened for molecular non-homoplasious synapomorphies within the Viridiplantae. To address the question of the correspondence between morphological characters traditionally used for taxonomical delimitation of the Chaetophorales and the tree topology favored by molecular data, the list of morphological/ ultrastructural/ecological characters was elaborated and further analyzed. In addition, to obtain a close-up view into the evolution of Compensatory Base Changes (CBCs) of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) which is currently often used to delimit putative biological species, 86 newly obtained/published sequences of ITS2 for five families of the order Ulvales were analyzed. Furthermore, a detailed comparative study of all ITS2 substitutions has been done. Subsequently all revealed CBCs and hemi- CBCs have been mapped upon the ITS2 phylogenetic tree topology. Finally, CBCs/hCBCs taxonomic inference in the Ulvales has been discussed.
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Theory of spontaneous order in social and natural sciences
Beník, Miroslav ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Vaverka, Tomáš (referee)
On the present, a theory of spontaneous order is organized set of knowledges applicable in biology, cognitive sciences, through sociology, psychology, jurisprudence to the economics. This interdisciplinary outstroke of the theory of spontaneous order deserve to investigate genesis of its fundamental thoughts and thesis. Purpose of the composition work is to clarify forming the theory of spontaneous order in social sciences and its reception in natural sciences, also a later mutual relationship between socioscientific and naturalistic processes of self-organization.
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Evolution of the tetrapyrrole synthesis in eukaryotes
KOŘENÝ, Luděk
This thesis focuses on the nature of heme metabolism in various eukaryotes. One of the aims was the elucidation of the origin of the unique heme biosynthesis pathway in apicomplexan parasites through a comparative study of their photosynthetic relative Chromera velia combining molecular biology, biochemistry and bioinformatics approach. Using similar strategy, I have also investigated the origin and spatial organization of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Based on the phylogenetic data I described the complex evolution of heme metabolism in kinetoplastid flagellates including pathogenic trypanosomes. I revealed that one of them (Phytomonas) does not require heme for viability by the combination of various biochemical and molecular biology experiments and bioinformatic analyses.
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Biology of the Root-Parasitic Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae
TĚŠITEL, Jakub
Evolution, physiology and ecology of root-parasitic Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae was investigated with special emphasis on understanding biology of hemiparasitism. The research was based on a wide range of methods including molecular hylogenetics, cultivation experiments, stable isotope analysis, electron icroscopy, geometric morphometrics and flow-cytometry.
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General view of somatic and germinal interferences with human genome for the purpose of Homo Sapiens Sapiens improvement by means of the Christian ethics
HLINÁK, Jiří
Substantiality of the thesis is the question of moral and ethic in the sphere of developing genetic and inheritance research. Thesis is especially focused on ethics consequences which result from the application of this research. Thesis is divided in two parts. First part contains general information about genetics science and it is more likely descriptive. This part outlines fundamental principles of genetic, its evolution and genetics breakthroughs and their today exploitation. Thereinafter are mentioned genetics techniques divided in singles areas of interest with main focus on human genetic manipulation {--} main topic of the thesis. Close of this part is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of the ambition in the field of human changing and the description of achieved goals. There are mentioned controlling and regulating mechanisms as conclusions of the first part of the thesis. Opinion on regulation of clerical representatives, civil law, laic public and scientists themselves are referred-to. Second part of the thesis is focused directly on the ethics risks of the practical use of genetic technologies and their impact on human being. The principles of catholic ethic are foreshadowed. The expectations of human genetic improvement are confronted gradually by those principles. [90] Statement, that the human improvement by the genetic manipulation is non tenable by means of the Christian ethics is a conclusion of this thesis.
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