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Oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy
Zupko, Jakub ; Bartůňková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Janovec, Václav (referee)
Oncolytic virotherapy is a field dedicated to exploiting viruses in the battle against cancer, where their specific cytolytic effects are sorely needed. This work focuses on the mechanisms and limitations of oncolytic virotherapy, on the recent advances in the field and on the potential oncolytic viruses hold for the future.
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Case study of physiotherapy care of a polymorbid patient after liver transplantation
Kovařovic, Vojtěch ; Pavlů, Dagmar (advisor) ; Charvát, Robert (referee)
Title: Case study of physiotherapy care of a polymorbid patient after liver transplantation Objectives: The aim of this work is a conclusion of theoretical knowledge about physioterapeutic care after the liver transplantation, systematic leading and recording of terapeutic units, tracking the results and overal apreciation of all proposed therapies of polymorbid patient after liver transplantation. Methods: This thesis is split into two parts, first part is research of resources about given topic, second part is case report of polymorbid pacient after the liver transplantation with whom I worked in the time of 18.1. 2019 - 30.1. 2019 in IKEM in Prague. First theoretical part contains anatomical and fyziologial description of liver and gallbladder, types of illnesses that affects these organs, the diagnostics of those illnesses and treatment. Second - special - part of this thesis is case report of the patient. Results: Due to serious condition of the patient was the main goal of the physioterapeutic care to keep the biggest possible condition and improve actual physical state of the patient after frequent revision operations. These goals were accomplished in the highest possible degree, after the termination of therapies, is the patient able to breath spontaneously, and partly able to self-help by...
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The expression of miRNA in HPV-associated and HPV-independent head and neck tumors
Vojtěchová, Zuzana
Head and neck cancers represent a group of tumors with two different etiologies. The first type is associated with the viral HPV infection, the second one is virus-independent and it is associated with smoking and alcohol consumption as two main risk factors. Numerous studies show that HPV-positive tumors are more frequent in younger patients, as well as that the prognosis and overall survival of these patients is remarkably better. Therefore, the modification of the treatment is considered. For this, however, specific, sensitive and clinically relevant biomarkers for accurate identification of tumor etiology is needed. Suitable candidates for such biomarkers are miRNAs, small non-coding regulatory molecules stable in archived samples, that have been shown as differentially expressed in human cancers and the expression pattern seems specific for tumors of different origin. The submitted thesis focuses on miRNA profiling in HPV-positive and HPV-negative tonsillar tumors and cervical carcinomas with the aim to find out the differences between regulation of important carcinogenetic pathways of tumors of viral and non-viral etiology. Our data have shown very large heterogeneity of the miRNA expression profiles of these tumors. Despite the well characterized and uniform samples collection, we have found...
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The expression of miRNA in HPV-associated and HPV-independent head and neck tumors
Vojtěchová, Zuzana ; Tachezy, Ruth (advisor) ; Hejnar, Jiří (referee) ; Slabý, Ondřej (referee)
Head and neck cancers represent a group of tumors with two different etiologies. The first type is associated with the viral HPV infection, the second one is virus-independent and it is associated with smoking and alcohol consumption as two main risk factors. Numerous studies show that HPV-positive tumors are more frequent in younger patients, as well as that the prognosis and overall survival of these patients is remarkably better. Therefore, the modification of the treatment is considered. For this, however, specific, sensitive and clinically relevant biomarkers for accurate identification of tumor etiology is needed. Suitable candidates for such biomarkers are miRNAs, small non-coding regulatory molecules stable in archived samples, that have been shown as differentially expressed in human cancers and the expression pattern seems specific for tumors of different origin. The submitted thesis focuses on miRNA profiling in HPV-positive and HPV-negative tonsillar tumors and cervical carcinomas with the aim to find out the differences between regulation of important carcinogenetic pathways of tumors of viral and non-viral etiology. Our data have shown very large heterogeneity of the miRNA expression profiles of these tumors. Despite the well characterized and uniform samples collection, we have found...
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Tumor in vitro chemosensitivity and resistance assays (CSRA) using flow cytometry
Drozdová, Tereza ; Drbal, Karel (advisor) ; Balounová, Jana (referee)
In vitro chemosensitivity and resistance assay determine the sensitivity of a specific tumor after a specific treatment administration in an experimental setup. A heterogeneous population of cancer cells is exposed to various approved anticancer drugs in short-term ex vivo and their combination thereof. The effect of each drug is then determined based on the viability of specific tumor cells allowing for individual patient treatment using a precise combination of drugs. This approach is an example of the personalized medicine principle, which is focusing on the adjustment of diagnostic procedures and treatment of a specific patient. Therefore, its goal is to avoid treatment failure in patients with poor response to the statistically most effective treatments based on randomized clinical trials. The number of viable cells determined by the flow cytometry provides very accurate statistics for multiparametric analysis. A necessary prerequisite is the presence of dissociated cancer cells in a single cell suspension. This is different from cloning methods, where tumor colonies grow on agar media, or from histocultures, which are specific with its three-dimensional tissue cultivation. We can also sort cells from suspension based on their pre-defined attributes for their subsequent functional testing. The...
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Immunogenic cell death
Šímová, Michaela ; Drbal, Karel (advisor) ; Javorková, Eliška (referee)
According to the danger model, the immune system is activated by endogenous molecules known as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) that are externalized from the interior of a dying cell to the cell surface or released into the extracellular space. Due to the loss of plasma membrane integrity a necrotic cell death as well as several types of proinflammatory programmed cell death are considered to be immunogenic, whereas apoptosis, on contrary, has been initially defined as a tolerogenic type of cell death. However, under certain circumstances, the immune response can be initiated by an apoptotic cell after exnternalization of DAMP molecules by newly described secretory pathways. This phenomenon was observed on tumor cells as a result of some widely used therapeutic modalities and is known as immunogenic cell death (ICD). Nomenclature of selected types of cell death is part of this thesis. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to provide an evidence of the experimental support for ICD theory during in vivo initiation of the immune response. I will evaluate the correlation between ICD and the induced exposure of DAMP molecules on the surface of tumor cells or their secretion to the extracellular space.
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Evaluation of the Most Effective MRI Methods for a Diagnosis of the Brain Tumors
Širůčková, Kateřina
The purpose of this project is to find out the most effective method for a diagnosis of the brain tumors utilizing different magnetic resonance imaging methods. Acquired MRI images were analyzed in two diagnostic programs, and obtained data were displayed into ratio-graphs. According to the results, volume-ration images are considered the most sufficient. The advantage of this method is that it provides doctors with significant information regarding the differences of the measured values between healthy and pathological tissue.
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Influence of fetal microchimerism on breast carcinoma in mothers
Šůchová, Anna-Marie ; Hromadníková, Ilona (advisor) ; Balounová, Jana (referee)
Fetal microchimerism is a condition where fetal cells are present in the body of the mother, they are transmitted during pregnancy and may persist for several decades after parturition. Their presence affects the immune system of the mother, which is investigated in both autoimmune and tumor diseases. This work, as a literature review, summarizes the current knowledge of the effect of fetal microchimerism on breast carcinomas in mothers, which is one of the most common cancer in women worldwide. It is based on studies that examined the presence of fetal cells in peripheral blood and neoplastic maternal tissues. While the correlation between the presence of fetal microchimerism in peripheral blood and breast cancer suggests a possible protective role, the data on the investigation of the same correlation in neoplastic tissue are not so unambiguous. Some of them suggest a protective role, others have a negative role. Key words - fetal microchimerism, breast carcinoma, pathogenesis, oncology, tumor
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Anti-tumor activity of mesenchymal stem cells
Džuganová, Barbora ; Krulová, Magdaléna (advisor) ; Indrová, Marie (referee)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with the ability to migrate to inflammation sites and to tumor sites. They are able to regenerate the damaged tissues and also easy to isolate and cultivate. Furthermore, they can inhibit tumor cells and modulate the immune response. They are non-toxic in the organism and genetic modification of them can enhance their antitumor effect. MSCs can also serve as a vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic agent to the tumor. These properties make them special for anti-tumor therapy. Under some conditions, MSCs can also stimulate the tumor growth. This work discusses conditions in which MSCs inhibit the growth of cancer cells, as it is not yet clear on which precise mechanisms this inhibition is based.
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