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The use of bank guarantees in international business, focusing on a comparison of various territories.
Žák, Pavel ; Taušer, Josef (advisor) ; Černá, Iveta (referee)
This thesis deals with bank guarantees, an instrument widely used especially in the field of international trade. The aim of this thesis is to characterize bank guarantees and their application in commercial relations. In relation with the growing use of bank guarantees in international business, the customary treatment of this challenging banking instrument will be analyzed and compared in different regions of the world -- i.e. Turkey, Syria, Iran, countries in the Organization for the Cooperation Council of Arab Gulf Countries and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, - with the international standards of the International Chamber of Commerce. This thesis may be helpful for understanding demand guarantees and, due to the lack of comprehensive information, it could assist companies that trade in the above areas and are required to issue a guarantee to their customers.
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Securing of contractual obligations in the international trade (economic and legal aspects)
Mišoň, Petr ; Švarc, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Koucká, Jiřina (referee)
The first part of the thesis deals with a description of legal relationships in the international trade and explains the term "international element." Further there is a short description of private international law and international trade law. The second part of the thesis is focused on securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The third part concerns with explanation of the basic forms of legal relationships in the international trade regulation with regard to securing of contractual obligations. The final part of the thesis deals with a description of securing instruments used in the international trade. At the end of this part there are listed factors which influence the choice of a suitable securing instrument.
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Construction order and accounting operations related to it
ŠTEMBEROVÁ, Štěpánka
The aim of this bachelor´s thesis is to present an overview of the most commonly agreed payment conditions for construction works and - by way of the particular example of the accounting entity - to analyze the solution in practice. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the specifics of building industry both from the general point of view and accounting point of view. There are analyzed the most commonly agreed conditions of the settlement of construction works and most frequently used securing instruments. At the specific possibilities, there are noted the related accounting operations. The practical part of this thesis is concentrated on elaborating the accounting in a construction company related to the particular construction order. There are stated accounting transactions concerning the order, using the analytical accounts and costs and revenues relating to the individuals performances. The conditions of the settlement of the works and deliveries agreed in connection with the order are compared with their further possible versions from the point of view of the influence on the economic result of the order. From the suggested payment conditions, there is recommended their most appropriate combination.
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Work with claims of selected entrepreneurial subject
WEIGNEROVÁ, Jana
Accounting terms are very important for every company in the sphere of company finance, accounting terms are claims and accounts payable. The aim of this work was detailed description of claims which are parts of belongings of any company. The work has two parts, theoretical and practical part. Practical part predominate in this work, the main themes are claims, their operating,ensuring and debt recovery. In the practical part I describe claims of MICo company and I made my own project how to deal with claims. The main reasons why claims come into existence are business relations, but they can be caused by provided deposits, loans and bank credits. Claims from business relations are necessary parts of belongings, because every businessman needs goods and services from others. A company can analyse high earnings and profit in accounting but his financial resources can be essentially different. For a company is very important to have a sufficient number of financial resources and to this a company ensures of claims and then restricts entrepreneurial risk. The ensuring of claims means that contractual partner is obliged to realise his account payable. General forms to ensure claims are for example: penal clause, liability, acknowledge a debt, bank quarantee or altitude of debt. We can divide claims in risk claims and abandoned claims. During trading a lot of profits are formed, these profits can be evoked by for example: political or economical events, announcing a financial insolvency or natural catastrophe. Between the most frequent cause of risk claims are mainly the absence of morality in business relations. If the payment of claim is not done until fixed date, the claim gets the bad debt. The only way how to anticipate abandoned claims is, that busines men do not let them come into existence. MICo, spol. s.r.o. divides debts into short-term and long-term claims. The term of expiration of claims is established at intervals 14 {--} 45 days, it depends on which customer it is. The company of MICo tryes to aviod claims after maturity, therefore MICo makes use of ensuring claims as a penal clause, debt approval, bank quarantee or deposit. In conclusion, I would like to recommend to any company to have an evidence of claims and pay attention mainly to a prevention of claims because the ambit of czech legislation for a protection of rights of an accounting payee and the recovery of claims is generally regarded as deficient. Bankruptcy proceedings is slow and ineffective. During the competition accounting payees have small or even no rights and basically they are degraded inactive role and therefore the whole bankruptcy proceedings is regarded as a paradise for debtors.
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Bank Guarantees in International Trade
Berková, Hana ; Černohlávková, Eva (advisor) ; Nejedlý, Michal (referee)
The bachelor thesis analyzes a wide range of possible employment of bank guarantees used in order to avoid risks in international trade. The first chapter generally characterises bank guarantees and principles of their functioning. Then it presents the internationally recognized rules that effectively regulate any kind of bank guarantee. Furthermore, it is concerned with the main interests of contracting parties. In the second chapter, various types of bank guarantees are distinguished. The fundamental division recognizes independent and accessory guarantees, direct and indirect gurantees, payment and finally non-payment guarantees that receive the most attention. The last chapter is practically aimed at the governmental support of Czech export and introduces preferential conditions for issue of bank guarantees by Czech Export Bank and related insurance offered by Export and Guarantee Insurance Corporation.
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Prevention of risks in international trade
Verner, Jan ; Sato, Alexej (advisor) ; Šembera, Jan (referee)
International trade goes hand in hand with the humankind since man discovered the fact that some items could be exchanged for others. It is the same with risks which are bounded with international trade since its beginning. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part is focused on defining and characterizing risks of international trade according to their origin. The second part describes the most common ways how to avoid these risks. The third part contains detailed analysis of two transactions of the company SOMA spol. s.r.o. on which is this knowledge demonstrated.
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Credit risk in export and methods of its hedging (illustrated on particular enterprise)
Krošlák, Peter ; Černohlávková, Eva (advisor) ; Čajka, Radek (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to illustrate how enterprises deal with credit risk assisted by commercial banks. The thesis focuses on payment and hedging Instruments such as bank guarantee, documentary credit and documentary collection. The work is divided into three chapters and contains 13 attachments. The first part will be short introduction to different types of risks in international trade and namely credit risk. Second part is devoted to particular payment and hedging instruments. Last part is result of a research directly in the bank and illustrates the usage of these instruments in practical trade. It contains three cases, in which Slovak exporters, importers and suppliers used or were forced to use payment and hedging instruments.
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The Bank Instruments for the limitation of credit risks
Spěváčková, Jana ; Černohlávková, Eva (advisor) ; Sedláček, Jiří (referee)
The thesis deals with the bank instruments for the limitation of credit risks. Namely, it concentrates on the documentary credit and the bank guarantee. The thesis includes the definition of credit risks and the general characterization of the mentioned instruments. It describes in detail, how these instruments work and according to which rules, it explains the important concepts connected with this problems, it offers the overview of particular types of these instruments and it discusses the advantages and disadvantages connected with their use.
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Řízení rizika pohledávek
Hoč, Juraj ; Marek, Petr (advisor) ; Kaiser, Libor (referee)
V mé diplomové práci porovnávám riziko nesplacení pohledávky a náklady jejího zajištění prostřednictvím zajišťovacích instrumentů dostupných na českém trhu a ověřuji, zdali je v daném případě ekonomicky výhodné zajišťovací instrument využít nebo ne. Za pomoci bankrotních modelů a tranzitivních matic ratingových agentur analyzuji pravděpodobnost úpadku firmy do jednoho roku a následně ji promítám do hodnoty pohledávky. Toto riziko kvantifikované přes očekávanou ztrátu porovnávám s náklady na její zajištění u bankovní záruky, dokumentárního akreditivu a faktoringu.
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