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Plant growth on saline soils - interaction of sodium and potassium in plant metabolism
Peřinová, Anna ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Soil salinity represents a significant stress factor that negatively affects plant growth and is also a current problem in modern agriculture. This bachelor's thesis focuses on the mechanisms associated with this stress, with a main emphasis on the effects of excess sodium cations in the soil, their accumulation in plants, the mechanism of their negative impact, and defense strategies. It addresses the importance of potassium and sodium in plant nutrition and metabolism, as the interference of Na+ with the essential functions of K+ is an important aspect of the stress caused by salt excess in the environment. The thesis analyzes the most important transporters and channels that ensure the uptake and transport of K+ and Na+ in plants. Emphasis is placed mainly on the transport of sodium and the mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to saline environments and tolerate higher concentrations of salts in the soil, particularly the SOS defense system against Na+ accumulation in the cytoplasm and unique structures that allow salt secretion in halophytic plants. Attention is also directed to the difference between glycophytic and halophytic plants.
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Sodium-ion batteries: research of carbon-based negative electrode materials
Homolka, Tomáš ; Libich, Jiří
This paper is mainly focused on research of hard carbon as promising negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. The first part deals with batteries and their usage in general. The next section deals with sodium-ion batteries, their development and differences compared to lithium-ion, as they seem to be one of the promising post-lithium technologies with the potential of quick commercialization. The emphasis in this work is put on the negative electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries based on hard carbon as an active electrode material.
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The effect of salt on health, its content in food and the intake of the population of the Czech Republic
Miškovská, Žaneta ; Dostálová, Jana (advisor) ; Košťálová, Alexandra (referee)
This work deals with the effect of salt on human health. Excessive (as well as insufficient) salt consumption can harm health, and at the same time salt consumption in the Czech Republic is one of the highest in the EU. In my work I deal with basic types of salt such as table salt, vacuum and sea salt and their extraction. I also deal with the two elements that make up salt - sodium and chlorine. I also describe disorders of sodium and chlorine metabolism, the effect of salt on health (positive and negative) and the function of salt in food. I also briefly address the salt content of bakery, meat and dairy products and the importance of salt in the technology of these foods. In the practical part of the work, I deal with the salt content in individual selected foods and the possibilities of how to reduce this salt content. Part of the practical part of the work is a questionnaire survey in spas and fitness centers regarding their knowledge of the salt content in individual foods. In the second part of the practical work, I will evaluate the menus from clients from fitness centers according to the nutritional program. The aim of this work is to map the effect of salt on human health, its content in basic foods and its intake by the population of the Czech Republic.
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The effect of salt on health, its content in food and the intake of the population of the Czech Republic
Miškovská, Žaneta ; Dostálová, Jana (advisor) ; Košťálová, Alexandra (referee)
This work deals with the effect of salt on human health. Excessive (as well as insufficient) salt consumption can harm health, and at the same time salt consumption in the Czech Republic is one of the highest in the EU. In my work I deal with basic types of salt such as table salt, vacuum and sea salt and their extraction. I also deal with the two elements that make up salt - sodium and chlorine. I also describe disorders of sodium and chlorine metabolism, the effect of salt on health (positive and negative) and the function of salt in food. I also briefly address the salt content of bakery, meat and dairy products and the importance of salt in the technology of these foods. In the practical part of the work, I deal with the salt content in individual selected foods and the possibilities of how to reduce this salt content. Part of the theoretical part of the work is also a questionnaire survey among ordinary consumers regarding their knowledge of salt content in individual foods. The aim of this work is to map the effect of salt on human health, its content in basic foods and its intake by the population of the Czech Republic. Keywords Salt, sodium, chlorine, salt content, salt in food, salt consumption
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Salt intake in the diet of older schoolchildern
HEMBEROVÁ, Aneta
Many studies prove that developed countries have an over-exaggerated intake of salt. The World Health Organization recommends an intake of 5g per person per day. Daily doses are, however, exceeded multiple times. It has been proven that an excessive intake of salt has a negative impact on our organism. It is a risk factor for the occurrence of hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis. The objective of my thesis has been to find out what amount of salt the food of older schoolchildren contains. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part deals with the issue of salt, it describes its history, kinds, meaning and use, the occurrence of salt in different foods and compensation options in diet. Futher, it focuses on the physiology of sodium, potassium and chlorine and the illnesses caused by an excessive intake of salt - specifically hypertension, obesity and osteoporosis. The conlcusion of the theoretical part is devoted to carbohydrates, fats, and protein in the diet of older schoolchildren. The practical part evaluated the weekly diet plans and urine analyses from the 12 respondents of older school age. The content of salt in their diet was being analysed via the Nutriservis programme. Urine analyses were being done in clinical laboratories. The acquired information on body height, weight and blood pressure was assessed using percentile graphs. The results confirm the fact that children of an older school age consume a higher than recommended amount of salt. In ten out of twelve respondents a higher than average daily amount of 5 g salt was discovered. This was confirmed by the value of sodium waste levels in their urine. The link between a higher salt intake and obesity or hypertension was not proven. There were no significant differences between girls and boys.
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Salt intake in children of adult age
PEJCHAL, Petr
My thesis deals with salt intake in adolescent children. The aim of the thesis was to find out the amount of salt in the diet of adolescents and their awareness of this issue. The bachelor thesis is divided into two parts - a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical part deals with basic information about table salt and its origin. It is aimed to the physiology and function of sodium, potassium and chlorine in the human body. It also deals with recommendations on salt intake and its content and role in various foods. It addresses not only diseases associated with this topic and their correlation with the amount of salt ingested, but also dietary principles appropriate for this age group. The subject of the practical part was to find out the amount of salt in the diet of fifteen respondents in the age range of 15-18 years by means of qualitative research. This group of adolescents provided me with a complete menu consisting of two weekdays and one weekend diet. The Nutriservis program was mainly used for the calculation of the daily salt intake. For foods where the amount of salt was not stated in the database, I obtained the value by multiplying the sodium content by a factor of 2.5. I inserted food that the database did not contain by using the nutrition information on the food packaging. With the consent of the respondents and their parents, the calculation was based on the collection of urine for 24 hours, followed by the evaluation of sodium and sodium chloride waste as well as the blood pressure measurement, which was converted into percentile values. Furthermore, a short questionnaire focused on the awareness of adolescents in this issue and the calculation of BMI for individual respondents was used. The research results showed that all 15 adolescents exceeded the recommended amount of salt. I was not prove the connection between sodium waste in the urine and its intake according to the diet. Respondents' awareness of the issue of salt intake and its effect on the body was not extensive. All respondents routinely exceeded the recommended daily salt intake, but only 4 knew this value. Increasing adolescents' awareness of this topic could lead to a reduction in the salt content of their diets.
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Salt intake by patients with primary hyperaldosteronism
Sahatciu, Mrika ; Petrák, Ondřej (advisor) ; Krátká, Zuzana (referee)
1 Abstract My bachelor's thesis focuses on the intake of table salt and other dietary approaches and habits in patients with primary aldosteronism, an extreme form of salt-sensitive hypertension. The theoretical part deals with the definition of the term and risk factors associated with primary aldosteronism, summarizes the diagnosis and treatment procedures especially dietary measures which are very important in the treatment. The practical part was based and developed using an anonymous questionnaire form. The questionnaire consisted of 66 questions ranging from sociodemographic to awareness, education, dietary habits and dietary preferences in relation to salt intake. The purpose of this study was thereby to determine the dietary habits and sodium chloride intake of patients with primary aldosteronism. The total number of patients who were approached was 15, mostly males which were 11 and females were 4. The diet was fairly regular, but with more than half prioritizing lunch and dinner rather than breakfast. When they had a higher intake of cold cuts, salty bars, chips compared to fruit and vegetables. Most of the patients were educated about salt restriction diet and diet in hypertension due to the characteristics of the cohort, but few of them actually follow it. And there were no efforts to limit salt...
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Sodium-ion batteries: research of carbon based negative electrode materials
Homolka, Tomáš ; Máca, Josef (referee) ; Libich, Jiří (advisor)
This work focuses on the research of hard carbon as a promising negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. The first part deals with electrochemical cells and their development in general. Then lithium-ion cells, their history and the materials currently used are mentioned. The next section discusses sodium-ion cells, their development so far, current issues and differences compared to lithium-ion cells, as they appear to be one of the promising post-lithium technologies with the potential for rapid commercialization. In the practical part, properties of some material samples are tested with a focus on their capacity and coulombic efficiency.
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Negative Electrode for Sodium-ion batteries
Šimek, Antonín ; Bača, Petr (referee) ; Libich, Jiří (advisor)
This master’s thesis is focused on the research of negative electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. It contains a general introduction to the issue of batteries, their brief historical development, basic operating principles, key parameters and classification. Attention is paid to lithium-ion batteries, which are the most used technology today. Sodium-ion batteries as their potential replacement, especially in the field of energy storage from renewable sources, are based on lithium-ion technology. Promising candidates for the material for the negative electrode of sodium-ion batteries are sodium titanates. Their synthesis and subsequent electrochemical characterization of electrodes using sodium titanate as the active material are included in the practical part of this work.
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Application of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Determination of Selected Elements from Potential Ecological Burden Area
Juránková, Lada ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Šíma, Jan (referee)
This work is focused on the determination of selected (chemical) elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Na, K, Mg a Ca) in a potential ecological burden area using flame atomic absorption spectrometry as a detection technique. A potential ecological burden is represented by tires which are used as a construction material or as an environment surrounding for growing decorative and consumable plants. Analytes were determined in plant origin samples. Firstly, the samples were dried in a laboratory electric dryer. The weighted amount of a dried sample (approximately 0.2 g) was digested inside a microwave decomposition device with an addition of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. An optimization of experimental parameters was done for each of the elements before sample measuring. A burner height was optimized and 8 mm height was chosen as a optimum for most elements. Under the optimum condition basic characteristics were measured for each element separately. These characteristics included limits of detection that were: 0.05; 0.01; 0.08; 0.21; 0.02; 0.01; 0.01; 0.01 mg L-1 for the following elements: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, K, Ca, Mg and Na, respectively. The limits of quantification, sensitivity and repeatability were determined for each element as well. A significant attention was paid to the content of zinc in the studied...
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