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Eocrinoid echinoderms from mid-Cambrian of the Barrandian area
Nohejlová, Martina
This thesis deals with the topic of eocrinoid echinoderms from the Barrandian area (Příbram- Jince Basin, mid-Cambrian, Drumian). The thesis is presented as a compilation of five published papers and an introduction. The introduction is an overview of current knowledge about eocrinoid echinoderms. It also includes links to new information from the five included papers, and serves as a unifying element for these professional publications. The topic of the thesis is focused on a revision of selected specimens of eocrinoid echinoderms, and the study of their ontogeny, phylogeny, palaeoecology and systematic position. This thesis has also improved our understanding of early evolution of basal blastozoans. This is the first study of Cambrian ontogenetic development on eocrinoid material from the Czech Republic. Complete ontogeny was described on the genus Akadocrinus, and it was possible to establish two basic phases in the development of this genus: pre-epispire-bearing phase and epispire-bearing phase. The new primitive blastozoan Felbabkacystis is described from the Jince Formation - its unique body plan highlights evolution of the body wall among blastozoans. Palaeoecology and phylogeny of the genus Vyscystis was studied, and phylogenetic analysis suggests a basal position of lepidocystoids among...
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Growth and sexual selection in selected representatives of scarabaeoid beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea).
Vendl, Tomáš ; Šípek, Petr (advisor) ; Knapp, Michal (referee) ; Skuhrovec, Jiří (referee)
Flower chafers are well-known beetles with apparent sexual dimorphism. Yet, in contrast to other groups of scarab beetles, only little attention has been paid to various aspects of this phenomenon. It concerns also sexual dimorphism in size, which is very common in animals. Although ultimate causes of sexual size dimorphism have been extensively studied, the developmental mechanisms are still only poorly understood. We investigated proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism in several differentially dimorphic flower chafer species. We found that in highly dimorphic species the dimorphism started to develop already in the first instar and tended to accumulate through successive larval development. In contrast, the sexes in species with a relatively low dimorphism diverged in size during only one instar. Moreover, we found variability not only in when the dimorphism arises during development, but also how: sex-related differences in both the instar duration and average growth rate were the proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism. In addition, we showed that the sexes may differ also in growth trajectory - males had relatively longer period of rapid growth than females, even in cases where the absolute development times were similar in both sexes. Further, we focused on systematic survey of sexual...
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Ontogeny of animal personality
Pšeničková, Eliška ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
Personality, consistent differences among individuals in their behaviour across time and contexts is a popular topic that is being addressed in a large number of studies. However, there are not many studies describing the development of personality over a longer period of time. The most relevant factors for development are: mean-level consistency (also called normative consistency), differential consistency (also called repeatability), structural consistency, and individual stability. Personality is generally more plastic in juveniles, where behavior is often more intense, in the sense that they are bolder, more aggressive/active/explorative, and over time, as individuals mature, plasticity and intensity of behavior decreases. Adolescence is a period in which behavior is often restructured and thus is not stable and consistent at this life-stage. However, behavior does not necessarily change during ontogeny, it may remain unchanged, or the intensity of behavior may also increase with age. Selected models describing the ontogeny of the animal personality are not sufficient and new ones need to be formulated. These should include more variables, for example genetic or maternal factors. This work is a review of studies about ontogeny of animal personality. KEY WORDS: Personality, ontogeny,...
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Default Mode Network: Ontogeny
Jarmar, Jiří Kryštof ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Moravcová, Simona (referee)
Default mode network is a functional network system in a brain, comprising of other sub- components. It is activated during tasks focused on the inner monologue, mentalization, episodical memory or self-reflection. The DMN activity is generally described as default mode functioning of the brain in absence of external stimuli, on the other hand its activity is inhibited during the presence of it. This thesis focuses on the main factors and changes that occur during ontogeny of DMN from birth to adulthood, mainly in structural and functional connectivity and anticorrelation relationships with other brain networks. After a general characterization of DMN, the first part focuses on general characterization of functional brain networks and statistical methodology of measuring their relationships and maturity. It follows by the description of important events in brain development and identification of main anatomical regions of DMN. The most important part is the last one, which provides observations of comparative studies of DMN between children and adults. Here we describe main changes and trends in ontogeny of DMN. Key words: Default mode network, functional network, fMRI, ontogeny
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Eocrinoid echinoderms from mid-Cambrian of the Barrandian area
Nohejlová, Martina ; Fatka, Oldřich (advisor) ; Mergl, Michal (referee) ; Valent, Martin (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of eocrinoid echinoderms from the Barrandian area (Příbram- Jince Basin, mid-Cambrian, Drumian). The thesis is presented as a compilation of five published papers and an introduction. The introduction is an overview of current knowledge about eocrinoid echinoderms. It also includes links to new information from the five included papers, and serves as a unifying element for these professional publications. The topic of the thesis is focused on a revision of selected specimens of eocrinoid echinoderms, and the study of their ontogeny, phylogeny, palaeoecology and systematic position. This thesis has also improved our understanding of early evolution of basal blastozoans. This is the first study of Cambrian ontogenetic development on eocrinoid material from the Czech Republic. Complete ontogeny was described on the genus Akadocrinus, and it was possible to establish two basic phases in the development of this genus: pre-epispire-bearing phase and epispire-bearing phase. The new primitive blastozoan Felbabkacystis is described from the Jince Formation - its unique body plan highlights evolution of the body wall among blastozoans. Palaeoecology and phylogeny of the genus Vyscystis was studied, and phylogenetic analysis suggests a basal position of lepidocystoids among...
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The expression and regulation of Dexras1 in the rat brain under development
Kyclerová, Hana ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Jelínková, Dana (referee)
The Dexras1 gene was identified after induction by glucocorticoid dexamethasone in pituitary tumor cells. Dexras1 has also been found in other brain regions and in the peripheral organs but its expression is rhythmic only in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN), where the mammalian main circadian pacemaker is located. Dexras1 expression was also affected by stress, amphetamine or prenatal alcohol exposure. Its role in cells has not yet been explained. Dexras1 GTPase activity has been determined to be dependent on the NMDA receptor stimulation. Dexras1 acts as an activator of G protein signaling in cells. Its role has been detected in neuronal iron homeostasis or in the regulation of main circadian pacemaker sensitivity to photic and nonphotic synchronization cues during the day. The aim of our study was to describe the Dexras1 mRNA expression in the rat brain during ontogeny and during development after visual sensory deprivation by in situ hybridization. The earliest Dexras1 expression was detected on embryonic day 20, in the rat SCN and the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus. Postnatally, its expression also appeared in other sensory areas, motor thalamic areas, hypothalamic areas involved in the regulation of water homeostasis, or in limbic system. Our results further show...
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Specific reliability of endurance shuttle swim test on 10m to 400m free style test at population of water polo players
Hauzner, Štěpán ; Musálek, Martin (advisor) ; Jurák, Daniel (referee)
Title: Specific reliability of endurance shuttle swim test to 10 m, to 400 m free style test at population of water polo players in relation age. Objectives: The aim is to approximate specific reliability of test for assessing endurance abilities at water polo players Methods: The work is a theoretical - empirical study, with the observation as the main research method. As the cross-sectional survey, testing was used as the basic method for data collection. A total of 15 participants were included in the study. The test set was created by the SK Usti nad Labem water polo players in the age category (18-22 years). The average age was 18.47 years (SD ± 1.20). Endurance Swimming Shuttle Test at 10 m made by Rechichi (2000) was used. We used test-retest method for the stability measure. Furthermore, the determination of the content equivalent of this test to the 400 m free swimming test was used to analyze the data obtained using descriptive statistical methods. Once the assumptions for parallelism of the tests were met, we used the correlation coefficient to approximate the specific reliability in the form of content equivalence and test stability. The Bland- Altman plot was used to assess of normality. Results: The reliability test (VCP) determined by the test-retest method Rel = 0.99. This result is...
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Ontogeny of selected taxa of middle Cambrian trilobites and agnostoids of the Barrandian area
Laibl, Lukáš ; Fatka, Oldřich (advisor) ; Mergl, Michal (referee) ; Edgecombe, Greg (referee)
This thesis deals with the ontogeny of trilobites and agnostids from the Cambrian of the Skryje-Týřovice and Příbram-Jince basins (Barrandian area, Bohemian Massif). Thesis is presented as a compilation of four papers that were published in scientific peer-reviewed journals. The introduction of the thesis serves as a general overview of the trilobite post- embryonic development and connects all published papers together. All four papers presented here are focussed on modern description of the post-embryonic development of Sao hirsuta, Ptychopariida sp. A, Ptychopariida sp. B, Ptychopariida sp. C, Ellipsocephalus hoffi, Ellipsocephalus polytomus, Hydrocephalus carens and Ecca- paradoxides pusillus. In addition, a discussion about the life-history strategies of early developmental trilobite stages is presented. It has been suggested that Sao hirsuta and Ptychopariida sp. A had benthic protaspides and that the early ontogenetic stages of Ptychopariida sp. B, Eccaparadoxides pusillus and Hydrocephalus carens were likely lecithortophic. Consequently, it has been documented that species with benthic protaspides show a strongly restricted geographic distribution and that lecithotrophic taxa seem to be associated with higher latitude areas. The developmental patterns of Ellipsocephalus hoffi and...
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Ontogeny of soldier behaviour and its polyethism in termites
Homolka, Petr ; Šobotník, Jan (advisor) ; Frouz, Jan (referee)
The presence of soldier caste is an important synapomorphy of group Isoptera. The adaptation of this caste to defense tasks is more than obvious and some of their morphological or even behavioral adaptations can be quite impressive. The polyethism in termites is relatively well known inbetween rather worker caste. If there are such a studies pointing at polyethism in soldiers, they are connected with soldier polymorphism. The morphological differences are of course important stimulus to role separation. The goal of this thesis was to examine the polyethism in the species of the termite with monomorphic soldiers - Prorhinotermes simplex. I did behavioral experiments with it in enclosed arenas, recorded on specific days. The data shows, that there are differences inbetween individuals and it would be benefical to invest further time to subsequent studies. The thesis bring out new point of view to defensive behaviour of termites and suggests, that even termite species without polymorphic species may have soldiers with different tasks. Besides I managed to map ontogeny of soldier behaviour in the first two weeks after moulting from presoldier instar. Key words: Isoptera, polyethism, soldiers, ontogeny, defensive behaviour Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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