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Role rostlinných bioindikátorů při hodnocení stavu životního prostředí v okolí skládky
Proboštová, Veronika
This diploma thesis deals with the problems of landfilling and biomonitoring with the focus on vegetal bioindicators. The introduction focuses on the teorethical description of the landfilling, divisions of the landfilling, legislative requirements. There is also described in detail the principle and use of the biomonitoring and bioindicators. The next part of the thesis includes information about Zdounky - Kuchyňky landfill, the description of natural conditions of the location and the list of vegetal species that were found during the biomonitoring of the location. In the conclusion is evaluated the role of vegetal bioindicators in relationship to the surrounding environment.
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Výzkum možností využití bioindikátorů pro monitoring skládek
Lichovníková, Veronika
The relation between the natural conditions and species composition and the prosperity of plant communities in situ is very close and suitable for monitoring potential degradation of individual natural components. In advanced science, this linkage also called bioindication, is widely used and it represents the effective and economically favourable method of pollution detection. The study of: Research of the possibility of using biomarkers for monitoring of landfills is focused of increasing knowledge about bioindication. The technical security of landfills now strictly implements the applicable laws and regulations, and therefore the risk of leakage of pollutants produced during the storage and subsequent decomposition of waste is very slight. Nevertheless the care of the possible risks of leakage of these substances and the subsequent contamination of the surrounding area must be taken. The research of verifying the possibility of using the vascular plants in monitoring the landfill was carried out in the years 2013-2015 on the landfill of municipal solid waste Petrůvky. During the three-year period, the reconnaissance of the terrain, and setting out five habitats for recording species composition and cover of vascular plants were carried out. On the basis of plant ecological requirements, and the incidence rate the bioindicative value was determined. The higher attention was paid to the plants that pointed to a higher nutrient capacity of habitat. Identified specially protected species: Filago lutescens, Veronica Dillenii, Myosurus minimus, Miosotis discolor, Ranunculus auricomus, Euphorbia amygdaloides and Filago arvensis, exhibited as important aspects for verifying the state of the environment were which indicated good natural conditons. Bioindicative properties of plant species were then compared with the results of the analysis of surface and underground water and soil, which were analyzed for a purpose of regular landfill monitoring. The phytocenological relevé created form the part of the analysed areas in 2009 was also used for the comparison of the results. The possibility of utilization of plant bio-indicators for monitoring the landfill based on performed research was determined.
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Determination of palladium by ET-AAS after previous preconcentration by solid phase extraction
Hajdová, Jana ; Čelechovská, Olga (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
The theoretical part of this master’s thesis focuses on the characteristic of Palladium, his uses in the automotive convertors, the occurrence in the environment, bioaccumulation and human health risks. Next there are described the basics of biomonitoring and summarize suitable biomonitoring method for capturing airborne dust. There are also evaluated appropriate methods for preconcentration and determination of Palladium. The aim of experimental part of this thesis is description and evaluation optimalization preconcentration method SPE by using sorbents silicagel C18 and QuadraSil TA. Optimization of method conditions of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET – AAS). The determination of Palladium using optimal conditions follows in real samples in the form of exposure lichen (Hypogymnia physodes) by automobile traffic in Brno.
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Bioindicators - their role in the evaluation of environment
Winklerová, Lucie ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This thesis deals with the use of plant and animal bioindicators in an evaluation of the state of the environment. Bioindicators are divided in this work according to ecosystem for which they are used into bio indicators of terrestrial and of water ecosystem. Furthermore, they are divided according to groups of analytes, which are indicated by means of them. In the work the attention is paid to selected elements of risk, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. The presence of these xenobiotics in the environment is particularly influenced by human activities. First of all individual industrial and automobile transports are permanent sources of contamination of the ecosystem with these xenobiotics. Considerable influence on the ecosystem pollution with organic and inorganic contaminants had also an injudicious application of certain fertilizers in agricultural production. The importance of bioindication and bioindicators is big. They help us not only assess the presence of xenobiotic in the environment, the development of its occurrence and sources of pollution, but they are also necessary in the evaluation of its biological effect, and responses and mechanisms of the organism which are induced by it. Biomonitoring is now an essential part of environmental protection by reason of monitoring the presence and the transport of contaminants.
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Noninvasive crayfish cardiac and behavioral activities monitoring system
PAUTSINA, Aliaksandr
Crayfish provide a model which is simple, has an easily-accessible cardiovascular system and can be maintained in the laboratory conditions; the model has good utility for water quality assessment and ethophysiological studies. A noninvasive crayfish cardiac and behavioral activities monitoring (NICCBAM) system is discussed in the thesis. The system is inexpensive, has relatively few components and permits long-term continuous simultaneous monitoring of cardiac and behavioral activities of several crayfish. Moreover, compared to other available systems, it provides a novel approach of cardiac activity shape analysis which allows improving monitoring accuracy as well as obtaining additional information on crayfish functional state. The NICCBAM system was evaluated by comparing with the well-known electrocardiography system which demonstrated that cardiac contractions with both approaches were synchronous and that both signal shapes were similar. Experiments on crayfish cardiac activity relative to selected odors and chemicals demonstrated the promising potential of cardiac signal shape analysis, not only for detecting changes in the aquatic environment, but also for their classification.
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Využití raků jako bioindikátorů kvality vody
KUKLINA, Iryna
In recent decades, the ecological status of the freshwater crayfish has changed drastically from a sensitive indicator of an aquatic environment to a tolerant species that can survive in a wide range of unfavourable conditions. Despite all controversies on being or not being proper bioindicators, crayfish are a key species that plays a crucial role in the freshwater ecosystem. Regardless of whether certain crayfish possess a particular environmental sensitivity or not, all species can be used in biomonitoring investigations. The main objectives of the present thesis were development and implementation of system for continuous monitoring of water quality using crayfish as the bioindicator. Being less complex than vertebrates (e.g., fish), but being sufficiently complex compared to some other hard-shell freshwater invertebrates (e.g., mussels), crayfish present a useful biomonitoring object, which is easy to manipulate with, and which provides experimental data which is easy to obtain, analyse and interpret. The first part of this thesis is devoted to an evaluation of crayfish as suitable bioindicators. We showed that, when conducting the biomonitoring of metals in aquatic biota, crayfish have sufficient tissues for a bioaccumulation survey. For this purpose, we examined the gills, muscles and hepatopancreas. We confirmed that the hepatopancreas was the primary target for accumulation of most of the examined elements (i.e., cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc). For higher relevance, crayfish surveys were compared to fish samples collected from the same locations. The second part of this work particularly focused on water quality biomonitoring based on the evaluation of crayfish ethophysiological characteristics. We examined crayfish reactions to both chemical (i.e. chloramine, chlorides, nitrites) and natural odours (i.e., food, heterosexual conspecifics, predator, etc). This approach was shown to be simple yet at the same time, complex and efficient. Such monitoring technique is easily implemented and does not demand long, complicated analyses, since monitored parameters, locomotor and cardiac activity, are evaluated immediately in real time. However, one complication is related to the unpredictability of an animal's reactions. Because studied characteristics may often affect each other, they need to be carefully traced and interaction between measured characteristics needs to be eliminated. The usefulness of such biomonitoring is conditioned by a reliable combination of behaviour and physiology, which enables detection of complex animal responses to environmental changes. As reported in the third part, we submitted an application for a patent of the developed system, and described in the patent sensor will be protected as utility model. Moreover, other crustaceans with sufficient carapace size (e.g., shrimps, crabs, molluscs) can be successfully investigated using presented system. The only challenge is that living organism can clearly indicate disruption of ambient conditions, but cannot detect what it has caused. However, there are powerful analytical techniques now, developed exactly for accurate determination of various compounds. The heart rate is species- and conditions-specific, so it cannot be applied as unified measure for all crayfish species, while visual analysis of heartbeat primary curves can be useful for establishment of referent crayfish heart rate values at their different functional states. The final part of the thesis is devoted to this issue. In conclusion, the developed biomonitoring system was shown to be highly practical unit using noninvasive technique for investigation of crayfish reactions under model conditions, with the potential of further application at broader research and industrial arenas.
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