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Health risks to the area affected by flooding and measures to overcome them in the territory of the Czech Republic.
KUČEROVÁ, Andrea
The topic of my thesis called "Health risks to the area affected by flooding and measures to overcome them in the territory of the Czech Republic" I have been engaged in over the recent years affected and still affects all of us. I think this topic is actual as the Czech Republic was hit by floods several times in the past. It is still necessary to develop new measures to minimize the consequences on the lives and health of the population after the flood. In the theoretical part of my thesis, I described the most common infectious diseases associated with the consequences of floods and I was trying to point out the measures which are needed for the rescue and liquidation activities in this natural disaster. The described measures are important to minimize the infectious diseases which threaten the population. To find the practical results, I prepared the questionnaire that I gave to the random people who were involved in the floods in 2002, 2006 and 2009 in the South Bohemia and Pilsen regions. Then, I compared the results of the infectious diseases with the statistical data of the reported infectious diseases in the Czech Republic. The study tested the hypothesis whether the population at the time of the floods was duly and properly protected and informed about the health risks immediately after the flood. This hypothesis can be closed as confirmed as I was convinced that the measures were sufficient to protect the population against the health risks. I dare to say that there are no health risks during the floods, because the only one practical and theoretical knowledge talk about preparing for the evacuation due to a possible flooding.
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Knowledge of School Catering Staff in South Bohemian Region About Food Law Regulations
MAXOVÁ, Marie
We have been living in a time when there has been a wide and sufficient choice of quality food for nutrition of children and adults. Eating habits are formed in early childhood and are adjusted to the offer of foodstuffs. Eating habits are affected by a number of factors associated with nutrition of individuals or certain groups of people. Such factors also include school catering. Great attention has been recently paid to school catering, some negative opinions have appeared, mainly form the media. Some children complain that the food in school canteens does not taste them, the same types of meals keep repeating, there is a limited meals choice, the food is cold, the staff are unfriendly with them and do not wear proper clothing, and other comments. Therefore, some parents are not sure that this way of catering is appropriate for their children supposing it might be better to choose another form of catering for children during their school attendance. The fact is omitted that often only through healthy school catering the pupil gets nutritionally and energetically balanced diet and that the purpose of the entire system of school catering is for pupils to adopt adequate eating habits concerning healthy nutrition. School catering is controlled by a number of rules and regulations. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether school canteen staff are familiar with these rules and regulations and whether their knowledge is sufficient to carry out epidemiologically important activities. This bachelor thesis can be divided into two parts. The first part is focused on the theoretical point of view of the issue. In the theoretical part the implementation of good manufacturing and hygienic practices, the system based on HACCP principles, legislation that relates to school catering and the public health surveillance are discussed. The second part of this thesis is empiric. The survey was conducted in randomly selected school canteens in České Budějovice region. The research was carried out using anonymous questionnaires for school catering staff, focused on the knowledge of food law regulations. The following hypothesis was stated: H1 The majority of school canteens staff members have sufficient knowledge of food hygiene legislation for the exercise of epidemiologically important activities. This aim has been met, the hypothesis has been confirmed by the research. This thesis may serve as information material for those involved in school catering, in training of workers in the field of food law regulations. The outputs from this work may serve for teaching purposes.
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The analysis of the existing evacuative plans from the emergency zone of the Nuclear power station Temelin.
ŠANDA, Petr
RÉSUMÉ This work concentrates on analysis of the outer emergency plan of the power station Temelin. It also focuses on documentation of radioactive matters which appear in extraordinary situations at the mentioned power station. There is an explanation of the outer emergency plan in the first part of this work. In the second chapter there is more detailed structure of this plan and also the plan of decontamination is mentioned here. There is a brief description of all single parts of that plan in the third chapter. The whole fourth part is about decontamination. There are some principles determined here. The principles are mentioned in order to explain how to proceed in carrying out the techniques of decontamination. The fifth part of this work describes what a radiation event is and what its grades are. There is a summary of pieces of knowledge of this work at the end. And there is also recommendation for the further progress in this section at the end of this work.
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Food safety in catering-HACCP, processes based on HACCP (introduction of these processes in particular establishment, development, hardships, results)
JEČMENOVÁ, Michaela
Food safety in catering is considered highly important from the point of view of hygiene. It is therefore a duty stipulated in the statute to create one or more processes to be followed based on HACCP principles (chapter I, article 5, Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs. The requirements on catering establishments are included in the regulations of the European Parliament and of the Council (EC) in the so called package for sanitary prevention the implementation of which has supremacy over national legislation. Health risk arising from foodstuffs was divided into chemical, physical and biological contamination. Basic information on risk foodstuffs and activities in connection with this system should also be mentioned here. The main goal of the paper is comparison of the system of processing (situations) before the duty to implement and keep to the HACCP principles was entered into force and the current situations in a food processing establishment chosen by the author. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research was chosen, that is impartial monitoring and an interview with the head of a school cafeteria. For the quantitative survey a questionnaire comprising 40 questions was prepared. The interview supplied important advice and answers. The questionnaire confirmed that paperwork due to the system of critical points does not only mean the increase of administrative burden on the staff but also the increase of food safety and responsibility for its preparation on the part of the staff of the cafeteria.
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Chemical hazards of contamination of foodstuffs and dishes
MARŠÁLKOVÁ, Alena
The bachelor thesis deals with the risks of chemical contamination of food and possible health risks for the consumers. Firstly, there is a general outline of foreign substances including the additives, which are added to foods intentionally, and contaminants. The contaminants are viewed as undesirable substances which occasionally occur in foods. They develop directly in the foods or penetrate into them from the outside during the basic stages of agricultural production, in stores, during transportation or during processing for culinary purposes, or due to environmental pollution. Such substances can have negative effects on human health. The second part of the thesis focuses on concrete contaminants - nitrates, nitrites and acrylamide. Nitrates and nitrites are both contaminants and additives. Their use as food additives is motivated by their sensoric and protective effects. The sensoric function is to ensure a permanent pink colour of smoked meat and other meat products. The protective function consists in inhibiting the growth of the microorganisms Clostridium botulinum and thus preventing the origination of dangerous botulin. The nitrates exist as contaminants mainly in foods of vegetable origin, penetrating them from soil and water due to nitrogen cycle in the nature. The acrylamide is a newly discovered food contaminant. It is considered to be a very dangerous substance as regards possible peroral exposure. The danger consists in its neurotoxic, genotoxic and possible carcinogenic effects. It originates in foods with a higher content of reducing sugars during the process of production or culinary processing if the temperature is higher than 120° C. The thesis should provide information for the public as consumers or providers of different food-processing facilities. Its main objective is to pinpoint some risks connected with the consumption of various foods and meals, and to eliminate the risks as much as possible or to avoid them completely.
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Disposal sites, hazardous waste and its impact on the enviroment, disposal sites management Disposal sites, hazardous waste and its impact on the enviroment, disposal sites management
KAZDA, Jaroslav
The topis of my thesis is waste disposal, especially the disposal site in Lišov run by the firm A.S.A. Inc.. I examine disposal site risks and waste sides impacts on the environment. In the 50th in the last century the solid waste site in Lišov was established. All the disposal produced by urban area inhabitants was deposited in a former brick-clay quarry. After being filled up the site was cultivated and other disposal was deposited in another site nearby {--} also an abondonned quarry. Since 1998, the holder of the disposal site has been the firm A.S.A., Inc., Krajinská 10, 37001 České Budějovice. Nowadays in the disposal site there are seven sectors including a sector for leaking water intake. If necessary, water may flow back to the detention basin, and there is also a degassing system in the disposal site. The disposal site management is being checked - samples of deposit site water, surface water and underground water are being analysed regularly. The hypothesis of negative impacts of disposal sites on the environment was tested in practice. I read through all available information resources to find out that there are hazardous contaminants in the disposal site, some of them in over-limit concentrations, but their migration through underground water was not proved. It means that there is no evidence of a negative impact of the disposal site on the environment and the people living nearby.
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Effectiveness evaluation of countermeasures adopted after the Chernobyl accident
ROTREKLOVÁ, Tereza
The utilisation of nuclear energy entails, like any other human activity, risk of occurrence of accidents and emergencies. On Saturday 26th April 1986 early morning in the fourth block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine occurred the biggest industrial accident in the peace usage of nuclear energy. It led to a vast leakage of radioactive debris to the wide surrounding area. An accident of such extent has never been thought possible before and it has surprised national authorities responsible for emergency preparedness practically in all counties operating nuclear power plants. It was crucial to prepare and introduce many countermeasures to restrict exposure of persons and environment to radiation. The most affected countries have been today{\crq}s Byelorussia, Russia and Ukraine. Although international instructions and criteria for failure actions had existed even before the Chernobyl accident, the experience with their application was very limited. Needless to say, some short-term countermeasures had been neglected or insufficiently realised. Inhabitants were not informed about the accident in time and therefore they hid late. Also iodine prophylaxis did not start in time, which led to unnecessarily high irradiation of thyroid gland. The evacuation was, in view of decreasing external exposure, executed within possibilities efficiently. As for the long-term countermeasures related not only to the liquidation of the aftermath of the accident in the area of the nuclear power plant but especially the decontamination works in residential units and on contaminated soils, regulation of food chains and relocation of persons from the affected areas, preventive and health care of the inhabitants living in the contaminated territory - these measures were massive in scope and in principle mostly reasoned and effective. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of some of these measures was somewhat deteriorated by the fact they were introduced area-wide (only on the basis of the surface contamination and not on the estimation of exposure from whole-body measurements), were not fully substantiated and later had to by cancelled for economical reasons. Not only economical factors play an important role in the planning and application of the countermeasures (mainly long-term ones). Without question it is necessary to secure that the measures can be applied in the contaminated areas in view of their effectiveness in sufficient extent for time long enough and after a thorough evaluation of all pros and cons, expenses and gains. As well, it is needed to take into consideration the effect of social and psychological factors, where in practise a satisfactory progress has not been made yet. Many studies proved that the introduction of countermeasures affects the increase of psychosocial tension among the involved people. This negative attitude results from the public{\crq}s lack of information about radiation and about the possibilities of its reduction and consequent fear and anxiety due to the uncertainty regarding future. Because of the concealment of information about the Chernobyl accident, also distrust of citizens against authorities has remained to be a problem. However, the approach of public is very important in regard to the effectiveness of countermeasures. In order that the measures would be accepted as well as possible, it is needed to secure corresponding education programs and to engage public into discussions and decision-making within the introduced measures.
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Prevence tvorby uhlovodíkové kontaminace v SEM
Dvořáková, Marie ; Mika, Filip
Electron beam-induced contamination is one of the most undesirable effects in SEM. In this work the contamination was formed on silicon wafer, copper, aluminium, stainless plate and nickel samples. The contamination was removed by the plasma cleaning (XEI Scientific Evactron De-Contaminator).
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