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Molekulární markery pro detekci genetické variability přírodních populací forenzně významných druhů bzučivkovitých (Calliphoridae, Diptera)
KLOJDOVÁ, Martina
This thesis was focused on suitability of selected molecular markers for detection of genetic variability of four species from the family Calliphoridae important in the forensic entomology. A set of eight markers, both mitochondrial (COI, ND6, CytB, CR) and nuclear (RP S12, RP S13, RP L12, PB2), were applied on samples from natural populations of representative species (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia caesar, Lucilia sericata, Phormia regina) most common in the Czech Republic. Level of detected variability was evaluated and compared, both with respect to the particular species as well as their geographic origin.
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Dispersal of clonal aquatic plants
Rydlo, Jan ; Fér, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hroudová, Zdenka (referee)
The aim of this Bc. thesis is to summarize the knowledge on clonal dispersal of aquatic plants and to compare the possibilities and measure of clonal dispersal in selected most-studied species. In the first part of the study, ways of clonal propagation of water plants by various types of vegetative diaspores and various means of transport (by water, animals) are described. Ways and possibilities of dispersal of aquatic clonal plants in various water systems (river systems, stagnant waters) and to various distances are described as well. Finally, anthropogenic effects on clonal dispersal of water plants, which can also play an important role, are discussed. These effects could stay behind many invasive events on the Earth represented by rapid clonal reproduction and dispersal of some species of aquatic macrophytes in their non-native area. The next part of this thesis deals with methods to study the dispersal of aquatic clonal plants and assesses their relevance for various spatial scales. These methods and results of case studies are presented for the most often studied species of water macrophytes. Results of these studies are summarised to demonstrate the real efficiency and distances of clonal dispersal of aquatic plants. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Genetic polymorphism in populations of Meligethes aeneus with different resistance to insecticides
WALTEROVÁ, Lucie
Thesis deals with pollen beetle populations with various degrees of resistance to pyrethroids. Samples were collected in 13 locations in Czech Republice in 2016. DNA of beetles was isolated by CTAB PVP and Chelex 100. After that, molecular methods based on ISSR markers (Inter-simple sequence repeats) were used to distinguish between different pollen beetle populations. Different populations were described based on microsatellites and the results were processed by the PCA analysis (Principal component analysis). 5 ISSR primers were tried and one result of the primers was reproducible. On the base of matrix genetic distance were samples classified to clusters according to genetic similar by PCA analysis. In the next step author evaluated relationship of geografical distance and different ISSR profile. In the end of the work, author tried to amplificate gene encoding voltage-sensitive sodium channels.
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Dispersion of freshwater gastropods
Buďová, Jana ; Černý, Martin (advisor) ; Juřičková, Lucie (referee)
Freshwater gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) belong to two tradional taxonomic groups: prosobranchs (Prosobranchia) and pulmonates (Pulmonata). Most of these molluscs are characterized by low vagility. Therefore they usually rely on passive dispersal. Their dispersal vectors are mostly birds and water. Animals can transport snails both externally and internally. Direct methods (capture.mark.recapture, radio - tracking) and genetic methods could be used to study dispersal. For genetic studies can be used many type of molecular markers, but the recently most popular are microsatellites. According to recent studies, the dispersal of freshwater gastropods is probably not as frequent and wide - spread as assumed before. Key words: freshwater snails, dispersal, dispersal vectors, capture - mark - recapture, molecular markers, population genetics
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Studium variability DNA pšenice
Pečinková, Jana
Common wheat is one of the most important agricultural plants, their use is not only feeding, but especially in the food industry. In recent years, great interest is focused on the wheat caryopsis unusual coloration, e.g. purple yellow and blue. This coloring is caused by natural dyes, which have evidently positive impact on living organisms. Therefore, the aim is to use colored wheat also in human nutrition. This work is focused on the detection of allelic composition at loci Glu-A3, Pina, Pinb and null allele's Waxy genes, using molecular markers based on PCR. Bread-making quality depends on the composition of storage proteins, glutenins and gliadins and their rate. It is important to the starch content in caryopses and the ratio of amylose and amylopectin. Milling, resp. feeding quality is affected by the hardness of wheat caryopses. Using molecular analysis in 13 genotypes with white (1 genotype), purple pericarp (8), yellow endosperm (4) has been described allelic variation at the locus Glu-A3, Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1, and null alleles at locus Wx-B1 were detected. The obtained results can be used in wheat breed-ing with an unusual coloration of kernels.
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Šlechtění révy vinné - historie a vývoj
Oherová, Kristýna
Breeding is a creative activity, to which we owe the development of new varieties. There are various breeding goals, for example resistance to fungal diseases, pests and frost or high quality of wine and grapes. Historically, conventional breeding methods were used first. Molecular genetics has introduced new and more modern findings. Currently the most used and the most advanced methods include the ones using molecular markers. Thanks to these methods it is easier to achieve breeding goals.
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Současná úroveň poznání genomu druhu Prunus persica (L.) Baatsch.
Chaloupský, Pavel
Presented paper summarizes the status of knowledge on the peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.) genome. Peach belongs to the Rosaceae family. This species is, along with other important crops, encompassed by Prunus genus. Peach is one of the least hardy fruit species. Despite that, it is widely cultivated in the temperate zone and has indisputable economic importance. Because of its importance and suitable properties, peach is genetically well characterized. Methods of molecular genetics have played a considerable role on the current state of knowledge on the peach genomics. Modern molecular methods may be utilized in order to identify and localize specific DNA sequences -- markers. Molecular markers are widely used for DNA fingerprinting, genome mapping, development of improved varieties and other applications.
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Přehled používaných molekulárních markerů při studiu genomu rodu Prunus
Nováková, Jana
Molecular marker is information about the organism based on an analysis of its molecules, and can use them to easily detect differences in genetic information. For the plant species this is used for example to identify cultivars and genetic relationships among them, for the study of genetic diversity and in the genetic mapping. This thesis deals with the molecular markers used in the study of the genome Prunus persica and Prunus armeniaca. These molecular markers include RFLP markers, RADP markers, AFLP markers and microsatellites.
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Hodnocení genetické diverzity genových zdrojů rostlin, programy, modely, využití
Oshea, Denisa
The bachelor thesis is a literature review on the topic of genetic diversity evaluation. The beginning is devoted to genetic diversity in general terms, its importance, its history, and its loss, that is irrecoverable and is regarded by many as the most important environmental problem. In addition, its protection, which is very important and in the Czech Republic is secured by the National program for conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. The work also describes the methods of evaluation from morphological, through biochemical to molecular. There are described and compared mainly molecular methods such as RAPD, AFLP, RT-PCR, and others. The last part is devoted to a description of some plant genomes databases. One of them is for example The European Vitis Database.
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Population biology of the pine needle pathogen Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Syd. (Capnodiales, Ascomycota)
Janoušek, Josef
Lecanosticta acicola is a heterothallic ascomycete that causes brown spot needle blight (BSNB) on native and non-native Pinus spp. in many regions of the world. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the origin of L. acicola populations in Europe and consider the reproductive mode of the pathogen in affected areas. In order to study the population genetics of L. acicola, eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. In addition, mating type markers that amplify both mating type idiomorphs (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) were designed and the protocols for their applications were optimised. Collections of diseased material were obtained from 17 host species in Asia, Europe and America. In total, 201 isolates from diseased pine needles were obtained. All isolates were screened with the microsatellite markers and the mating type idiomorph determined with the mating type markers. For 87 individuals, part of the Translation Elongation Factor 1-alfa gene was sequenced. The isolates from Central America were unique, highly diverse and most likely represent a new cryptic species. The isolates from East Asia formed a discrete group. Two distinct populations were identified in both North America and Europe. Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses strongly suggest independent introductions of two populations from North America into Europe. Microsatellite data and mating type distributions showed the presence of sexual reproduction in North America and in Europe. Results from this thesis have showed that European populations of L. acicola originate from North America. This is the first study of L. acicola populations on a global scale.
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