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Integration of Photovoltaic Power Plants in the Electricity System
Michl, Pavel ; Paar, Martin (referee) ; Mastný, Petr (advisor)
The thesis discuses an integration of photovoltaic power stations to electric network. The first part describes connecting conditions of small sources to distribution system, including administrative requirements, feasibility study, and requirements to the energy meters, measuring, control devices, switching devices and protection. The second part is aimed to describe problems of the photovoltaic system. Solar radiation generating and reducing of its intensity incident upon the earth surface are described in this part. The quantum of produced electric power depends on climatic conditions in the fixed area, seasons, etc. This work also discusses the types of photovoltaic cells and their actual efficiency. Inverters are further important components of the photovoltaic system. The parameters of the inverters have a great influence on the total actual efficiency of the photovoltaic system. Different methods of the photovoltaic panels’ connection with the inverters and their advantages and disadvantages are also mentioned. The supporting structure of the photovoltaic panels and eventually transformer are further important components of photovoltaic system. The work also analyze the methods of connection of the photovoltaic power station to distributive low voltage and medium voltage network, electric energy accumulation and possibilities of the sale of produced electric energy. The large number of the connected photovoltaic power stations has negative influences to electric network. The third part contains the design of a photovoltaic power plant with a capacity of 516,24 kWp on the scoped area in southern Bohemia. The project documentation for the location where the power plant is designed is also made. It contains the design of photovoltaic panels, the design of the inverters to get an optimal power load. This part also contains a calculation of the photovoltaic system losses and the design of transformer and the cable junction calculation of the distributive system. The feasibility study of the power plant connected to distributive system is also conducted. Its delivery rate will be connected to the distribution point Řípov (110/22 kV). The calculation results show us that this photovoltaic power plant can be linked to the distribution system. The final part of this paper contains an economic estimate of the photovoltaic power plant operating and the calculation of the return. An Economic return is influenced by the wide range of values that affect the total return rate. The calculation of an operating economy is made for several variants. The return rate in refer to contemporary redemption price for 2010 with no consideration for a bank loan is 7 years. If we consider the bank loan it would be 12 years. The penetrative reduction of the redemption price is expected for 2011. Calculation works with the decline of 30 %. It would extend the rate of return to 11 years without a bank loan or to 22 years with the bank loan. The bank loan is considered to cover 80 % of the investment.
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Influence of Distributed Generation on Given Area of 22 kV Distribution Network
Samuel, Tomáš ; Bráblík, Libor (referee) ; Orságová, Jaroslava (advisor)
The Thesis deals with the current problem related to the connection of dispersive sources to the distribution network. The advantageous legislative support, however, gives a rapid rise to the sources of this kind. Current pricing philosophy favours in particular the growth of photovoltaic power plants. The introduction is aimed at the dispersive sources locating so as to give a comprehensive solution and better understanding of this issue. The equipments of this kind are located in accordance with legislation in force; however, it is necessary to formulate the possibilities of placing them from the view of rational use of the area with the aim of the public weal accordance of both public and private interests. Talking about connection of the new dispersive sources to the distribution network, it is important to mention the legislation, legal directives and regulations delimitating this kind of trade. This theme is the subject of another chapter of the work. Particular attention is paid to the regulation on conditions of connection to the distribution network. When connecting the sources to the distribution network the biggest technical problem from the view of electrical engineering is undesirable influence on the quality parameters (voltage) in this network. This is in particular the voltage change after connection, then, depending on the type of source, the emission of the current harmonic, sharp voltage change, etc. Considering current rise of the dispersive sources connected to the distribution network, more and more influence will appear in quantity parameters. For this reason there will be a lot of search for the methods of preventing from the negative influence on the network. From all of the above said reasons, the work is aimed at the operation analysis of the part of the distribution network, calculation of the network qualitative parameters and searching for the methods of negative influence rectification owing to switching processes of the distribution system. So as to determine the quantitative parameters we used the E-influence programme. Final paragraphs are devoted to the changes to come not only in legislation but, in general, in the approach of the distribution system operators not only to the ways of another connection of such sources but even the regulation of the dispersive sources already connected.
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Project of Outgoing Transformer Unit for the Photovoltaic Power Station
Hanák, Miroslav ; Procházka, Aleš (referee) ; Orságová, Jaroslava (advisor)
This master’s thesis engages in project of outgoing transformer unit for the photovoltaic power station. It describes project and its design documentation what conducts to practising of construction. It has compared investing to more expansive transformer what has lower loss. It describes charges of operation’s transformer in twenty years. It leads project of cable low voltage. It compares whether is better to use aluminium or cupric cables. Project is led with respect for investment costs and minimum of operation loss.
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Small scale photovoltaic system
Vaľočík, Jan ; Škvařil, Jan (referee) ; Pospíšil, Jiří (advisor)
The aim of this work is utilization of solar energy for electrical energy production focusing on photovoltaics. First, the principle, function and structure of photovoltaic cells is described. Then the current types of cells are introduced, followed by possibilities on how to increase the production of electrical energy from photovoltaic modules. Subsequently the connection methods between the photovoltaic systems and the network are discussed. The thesis is concluded by a design of a small scale photovoltaic system for a family house including an economic evaluation.
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Management of the fund of alternative assets
Sobotka, Jan ; Radová, Jarmila (advisor) ; Fičura, Milan (referee)
This thesis deals with the management of the fund of alternative investments with an emphasis on photovoltaic projects in the Czech Republic. The main objective is to evaluate whether, after numerous legislative changes, these projects continue to be an attractive investment alternative. The impact of legislative changes on the economy and efficiency of the projects were analyzed for fictitious projects using static and dynamic methods of investment evaluation. The analysis showed that if there was knowledge of the additional cost burden resulting from changes in legislation, then none of the evaluated projects would have been implemented. In general, changes have had the most significant impact on projects that initially appeared to be most effective. In terms of size, restrictions affected mainly smaller projects. Overall, there was a relative alignment of return. For projects with higher levels of debt, an additional cost burden could be liquidational. Then the portfolio of alternative investment fund was created, which consists of assets of two alternative projects evaluated before. This led to evaluation, whether, despite charged fees but a lower tax rate, the investment through the fund is more favorable compared to an own special purpose company. Due to the small size of the fund the hypothesis of fund being more effective mean of administration, was not confirmed.
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Construction of photovoltaic power plants in the Třeboňsko Protected Area
DUŠEK, Milan
Number of photovoltaic power plants increased rapidly in the Czech Republic in the years 2009 and 2010. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to review the legal limits of the construction in the studied area, the ratio of permitted buildings in Třeboňsko Natural Protected Area and outside this area. Then to find out the decisive kriteria of the stakeholders who participate on the permition procedure or to determine other factors that could influence the results of the permition procedure. The construction of photovoltaic power plants affects the landscape character in Třeboňsko protected area. Třeboňsko protected area was compared with Trhosvinensko, Lipnicko and Stráž nad Nežárkou areas. The number of the planned plant buildings in both areas, the issued number of positive and negative statements with the justification included, the functional utilization of the area for the construction of the photovoltaic power plant, the number of the issued decisions in the individual years and the comparison of realized photovoltaic power plants in the monitored areas was monitored. It was found during the evaluation that the positive decisions were issued for the areas where the landscape has been already disrupted by the other constructions in the past. The negative decisions were issued for construction of the photovoltaic power plant in the open landscape. Only the intentions in former industrial or agricultural sites and in the urban areas were implemented.
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Evaluation of the development and operation of the photovoltaic power plant Ševětín on a surrounding landscape
TRNOBRANSKÝ, Jan
This thesis is concerned with the evaluation of the construction and operation of the Ševětín photovoltaic power plant and with the conditions for such power plant?s operation within the area of the Czech Republic in general. The Ševětín photovoltaic power plant is a part of a project of the company ČEZ Obnovitelné zdroje, s. r. o. (CEZ Renewable Resources, Ltd.) with total power reaching up to 30 MWh and with planned lifespan of 20 years. The research showed that the photovoltaic panels contain recyclable materials (glass, aluminium, plastic and copper) which could be sold for recycling in scrapyards at a price exceeding CZK 20 million (in current prices of recyclable materials that are believed to be constantly rising) in case of its dismantlement. The calculations showed that the energy return regarding the particular type of photovoltaic panels totals 2,3 years. If the Ševětín photovoltaic power plant was not built, the gross financial profit on a regular cultivation of the particular land used for its construction would be less than 150 times lower than on the operation of the power plant. Most of the land will be suitable for farming after the termination of the power plant?s operation and dismantling of its recyclable parts.
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Installation and operation of photovoltaic power plant
MERTLÍKOVÁ, Petra
In my dissertation I describe the photovoltaic power plant on the roof a family house, the conditions of connection to the electricity network, the electricity consumption and I state in detail the technical specifications of this solution. Moreover, I give details of price quotation plus estimated quantity of produced electric power. Besides, I pay attention to the investment efficiency. Main part of the dissertation is devoted to the analysis of produced electric power for the period from 1.1.2010 till 31.12.2010 for each quater of the year seperately. The above mentioned study implies that the photovoltaic power plant meets in so far all requirements and the investment should be returned in approximately 9 years. The aim of the dissertation is to judge the photovoltaic power plant with respect to its installation, operation and return on investment.
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