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Provision of interim and substitute accommodation of citizens evacuated from zone of emergency planning of nuclear power plant Dukovany
Balharová, Gabriela ; Menšík, Miroslav (referee) ; Kremlička, Antonín (advisor)
The bachelor´s thesis is focused on Provision of interim and substitute accommodation of citizens evacuated from zone of emergency planning of nuclear power plant Dukovany. The introduction deals with crisis situation and general characteristics of nuclear power plant Dukovany. Description of radiation accident, related risks and how can we protect before its occurrence follow. The next part of my bachelor´s thesis deals with the external emergency plan of nuclear power plant Dukovany, the evacuation of the citizens and their substitute and long-term accommodation. I concentrated on the problem: „What could be done with evacuated citizens, how should they be cared for? “ What are responsibilities of mayors of the receiving and evacuated communities got. Of course, also legislative provisions are discussed too. The last chapter is devoted to my proposal, how can be issues related to the resettlement of the citizens solved. At the end I summarize knowledge I have received during my investigation.
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Meaning of National Radiation Monitoring Network
Tesař, Jakub ; Kaufmanová, Marie (referee) ; Havránková, Barbora (advisor)
This Bachelor's thesis makes sense self-contained overview of National Radiation Monitoring Network. It explains meaning of Radiation Monitoring Network. Otherwise there is written about monitoring in case of normal radiation situation and emergency radiation situation. Conclusion is rendering of meaning Radiation Monitoring Network in case radiation incident, radiation accident or radiological emergency.
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Protection of Citizens before and during the Nuclear Accidents
Červinka, Petr ; Hradil, Jaroslav (referee) ; Mika, Otakar Jiří (advisor)
This work is concerned with protection of citizens before and during the nuclear accidents. There is described what threat is nuclear accident in first part of this work. Next are noted sources of risk and classification of accidents in nuclear plants. There is mentioned legislature of Czech Republic in this area and principles of protection of citizens. Part of this work is a short study of Chernobyl accident and a concept of pocket guide for citizens.
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Comparison of inhabitants readiness from emergency planning zones Nuclear power plant Dukovany (Czech Republic) and Jaslovské Bohunice (Slovakia) in the area of population protection including influence of population differentiation
KOLÁŘ, Jiří
Superior readiness of the inhabitants for the emergency situation caused by radiation accident is a very important condition for managing these situations, further for trouble-free adoption of measures related to the protection of life and health for each individual. Persons should be conscious of the hazard of emergency situations and within oneself be prepared to help themselves and each other. The objective of this master thesis is to examine the readiness of the inhabitants of the emergency planning zones of the Nuclear power plants in Czech Republic (Dukovany NPP) and in Slovakia (Jaslovské Bohunice NPP) to the emergency situation and to assess, if the readiness in both countries differs. The Nuclear power plants in Dukovany and in Jaslovské Bohunice were chosen for the particular reason, that both facilities were constructed and put into operation at the time of existence of the common state of Czech and Slovaks. The starting point is a working thesis that the readiness of the inhabitants for managing the emergency situation in the planning zones of the Nuclear power plants in Czech Republic and in Slovakia was on the same level. Considering the population differentiation, I analysed separately the answers of respondents in the age group of the 4165 year old. Theoretical part of my thesis initially focuses on the historical development of Nuclear power plants on the territory of the former Czechoslovakia and deals with the advantages and disadvantages of the production of electricity in a fission reaction. The other part deals with safety and operational security of the Nuclear power plants. Here is mentioned the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, including the examples of nuclear facilities accidents. At the conclusion of the theoretical part is a survey of legislative regulations concerning the nuclear safety and protection of the population in both countries and a survey of measures concerning protection of the population in the event of radiation accident. The experimental part of my thesis started in form of questionnaire inquiry by the inhabitants of both emergence planning zones. Half of the 16 questions in total is analysed by the means of descriptive and mathematical statistics, the answers to the other questions refer to behavior, informedness, readiness and differing needs of individuals in case of emergency shelter in place or evacuation from the actual occurrence of radiation accident. The hypothesis was verified by applying the two-selective parametric testing. By means of the t-test it could be proved, that there is no statistically significant difference between the inhabitants readiness in the both emergence planning zones. The hypothesis was therefore accepted. By applying the chi-square test it was elicited, that the empirical distribution of both selective statistical sets can by replaced by a normal distribution, both empirical curves can by therefore replaced by a Gauss curve. This partial research focuses on the age group of the 41-65 year old. Also in this case could be proved by means of chi-square test the normality of both statistical sets. Also the application of two-selective parametric testing approved, that the readiness of the population of the age group under investigation do not vary in the both zones. The particular answers were recorded graphically and in the following discussion were commented the differences and specifics with regard to the differing knowledge, behavior and specific requirements of the people in case of evacuation. In context of the results measured in the particular zones of accident planning it could be useful to consider, if in place of the normal distribution of readiness not another for example the Poisson distribution - would be more suitable, that could possibly testify better readiness for emergency accidents. Very important role plays enlightenment and education in such form that will arouse interest in the given problems in the population.
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Analysis method of securing the evacuation of people from emergency planning zone of nuclear power plant Temelin
STARÁ, Andrea
The thesis deals with the solution to evacuation of the population from the zone of emergency planning of the nuclear power station Temelín in the event of an incident connected with the release of radioactive substances . It analyzes the way of evacuation of the persons, as one of the most important safety measures to ensure protection of the population. In particular, the work focuses on the correct procedures in the case of realization of the evacuation and competence of the persons involved in safety measures. It lists the basic criteria which are applied in protection of the population from the effects of ionizing radiation in vicinity of nuclear power plants. It proposes improving of quality of security protection and information of persons in the zone of emergency planning. The work is based on valid law regulations and special publications of the examined problems. The predominantly part is based on the laws in force, and expertise of publications covering the evacuation of the area.It refers to the external emergency plan, as the basic document for the planning of measures for the disposal of the consequences of radiation accidents or radiation accidents and the limitation of their consequences for the zone of emergency planning. The theoretical part proceeeds from analysis of contemporary legislation concerning the stated problematics, presents the general characteristics of a nuclear device and zone of emergency planning, defining the basic concepts and discusses the important measures in addressing emergencies arising in connection with radiation accidents in nuclear power plant. The work puts emphasis on the principle of correct behaviour of the population in the event of such an accident. For the processing of the thesis there has been used an exploration method, which is based on the proposed methodology. On the base of analysis of survey, possible ways of improvement of this branch were suggested. From the collected data there have been assessed possible system measures of evacuation with regard to their application in practice.
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Population protection in the emergency planning zone around the Nuclear Power Plant Temelín
MARTINŮ, Pavlína
This issue represents contribution to discussion of the population protection within the emergency planning zone of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (NNP). My intention was to evaluate the actual system of public protection measures in the case of potential appearance of the radiation accident. As a part of this evaluation the analysis of correlation between emergency classification system of emergency events severity, valid for Temelín NPP, and system of immediate protective measures for population was done. The introductory parts of my work describes the basic information about Temelín Nuclear Power Plan. The main attention was given to nuclear safety, radiation protection, principles of emergency preparedness and types of NPP operating modes. Further system of public protection measures for the case of radiation accident appearance is described. Emergency classification system of potential extraordinary events at Temelín NPP and principles of announcements and public warning is also explained in this part. Part of this information represents description of potential implementation of immediate protective actions. One of the outputs is in the form of simple educational software program useful especially for children education. They can received information how to behave in the case of radiation accident declaration. Software is enclosed in the form of compact disk and gain knowledge can be verified by a short test.
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The activity of crisis management bodies in Týn nad Vltavou at the preparation and realization of the evacuation of Týn nad Vltavou inhabitants due to the radiation accident {--} MU 3 at the Nuclear Power Station Temelín
HLAVÁČ, Roman
In the introduction part I described the characteristics of Týn nad Vltavou and its main threat for the inhabitants, which is the Nuclear Power Station Temelín (NPS Temelín) situated nearby. In the next part I described the integrated rescue system, its units, position and tasks, further the main bodies of crisis management with the emphasis on the crisis management bodies in Týn nad Vltavou and the crisis planning. In detail there is the description of Security Council and above all Crisis Staff activities at the preparation and solution of crisis situation. Further the thesis deals with the accident preparedness, categorisation of workplaces, where radiation activities are carried out, and also special radiation events, their division and measures which are taken at their announcement. This part is followed by the explanation with the description of inner and outer emergency plan of NPS Temelín. I also mention protection measures which are taken in connection with the radiation accident at NPS Temelín. The part also contains their division, description and the way of implementation. Evacuation of inhabitants, the way of its realization, activities and tasks of crisis management bodies are described in detail. The objective of the thesis was to analyse the tasks and to check up the present readiness of crisis management bodies in Týn nad Vltavou at the preparation and realization of evacuation due to the radiation accident in NPS Temelín. Through the medium of sociological research among the inhabitants of Týn nad Vltavou, which was carried out by the form of inquiry sheet, the knowledge of inhabitants on the problems of evacuation at radiation accident in NPS Temelín was proved. The results gained by the research are the part of the thesis and are shown in graphics.
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Duties and arrangements of crisis staff of the municipallity with efussed agency close to outflow of radioactive matters
NÁZROVÁ, Lucie
The issue concerning endangering by radioactive substances has not been published frequently. Yet it can represent a very high risk with irreversible consequences for both man and the environ{$\neg$}ment he lives in. Even though there are regular checks of the sources of radioactive emission and the issue is being monitored in fallout plans, one cannot wholly exclude the possibility of endangering inhabitants by radioactive substances. For example the failures of technologies, a man{\crq}s irresponsibility, criminal acts, especially terrorism and also the exploitation of nuclear weapons to military or political goals cannot be omitted. Consequences of extraordinary events and critical situations in case of radioactive substances threat can be catastrophic.
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Ways of protection of persons from effects of external irradiation
ŘEHÁK, Miloš
This bachelor work is pay to ways of protection of persons from effects of external irradiation. There are described the sources of ionizing radiation, kinds of ionizing radiation and interactions of ionizing radiation with material. Then the attention is pay to the ways of protection of persons from effects of external irradiation. This work contains recommendations for workers with sources of ionizing radiation and also for patients.
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Effectiveness evaluation of countermeasures adopted after the Chernobyl accident
ROTREKLOVÁ, Tereza
The utilisation of nuclear energy entails, like any other human activity, risk of occurrence of accidents and emergencies. On Saturday 26th April 1986 early morning in the fourth block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine occurred the biggest industrial accident in the peace usage of nuclear energy. It led to a vast leakage of radioactive debris to the wide surrounding area. An accident of such extent has never been thought possible before and it has surprised national authorities responsible for emergency preparedness practically in all counties operating nuclear power plants. It was crucial to prepare and introduce many countermeasures to restrict exposure of persons and environment to radiation. The most affected countries have been today{\crq}s Byelorussia, Russia and Ukraine. Although international instructions and criteria for failure actions had existed even before the Chernobyl accident, the experience with their application was very limited. Needless to say, some short-term countermeasures had been neglected or insufficiently realised. Inhabitants were not informed about the accident in time and therefore they hid late. Also iodine prophylaxis did not start in time, which led to unnecessarily high irradiation of thyroid gland. The evacuation was, in view of decreasing external exposure, executed within possibilities efficiently. As for the long-term countermeasures related not only to the liquidation of the aftermath of the accident in the area of the nuclear power plant but especially the decontamination works in residential units and on contaminated soils, regulation of food chains and relocation of persons from the affected areas, preventive and health care of the inhabitants living in the contaminated territory - these measures were massive in scope and in principle mostly reasoned and effective. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of some of these measures was somewhat deteriorated by the fact they were introduced area-wide (only on the basis of the surface contamination and not on the estimation of exposure from whole-body measurements), were not fully substantiated and later had to by cancelled for economical reasons. Not only economical factors play an important role in the planning and application of the countermeasures (mainly long-term ones). Without question it is necessary to secure that the measures can be applied in the contaminated areas in view of their effectiveness in sufficient extent for time long enough and after a thorough evaluation of all pros and cons, expenses and gains. As well, it is needed to take into consideration the effect of social and psychological factors, where in practise a satisfactory progress has not been made yet. Many studies proved that the introduction of countermeasures affects the increase of psychosocial tension among the involved people. This negative attitude results from the public{\crq}s lack of information about radiation and about the possibilities of its reduction and consequent fear and anxiety due to the uncertainty regarding future. Because of the concealment of information about the Chernobyl accident, also distrust of citizens against authorities has remained to be a problem. However, the approach of public is very important in regard to the effectiveness of countermeasures. In order that the measures would be accepted as well as possible, it is needed to secure corresponding education programs and to engage public into discussions and decision-making within the introduced measures.
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