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Influence of texture of briquettes from biomass to their mechanical properties
Černá, Iva ; Pecen, Josef (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
With the rising amount of AD technology utilizers, the issue how to storage, such liquid
material, which digestate is. In recent time, there are some other ways to utilize it, except
fertilizing with liquor, liquid part of digestate. Digestate can be dried and pressed into
briquette or pelleted form. In briquette form is important to understand relations between
properties of individual components because one property can influence another one, which
constituting texture of the material and its reprocessing into the final form of the product.
Thus this study was conducted, to find and/or quantify the relation between the texture of
biomass briquettes and their durability and strength of shape during manipulation, storage
and use. Basic hypothesis of this work is based on open presumption that briquette texture is
dependent on many parameters. Some of those parameters were tested. Namely, composition
of matter, physical properties of digestate briquettes, durability and hardness, size analysis
and other. Digestate has approved as good material for compression with high content of
nutrients. The rate of abrasion varied 7-12% at the beginning decreasing to 3-5%. Shore
testing showed results predicating relation between particle size and hardness. Sieve and
image analysis then showed range of particles ranging size 0.01 mm from 99.5% and 10 mm
from 99.7%, most of them with needle-like shapes. This study suggested the method that
allows analysing particle size distribution in sample and describes other briquette properties,
which can be useful for next research and commercial purposes.
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Mophological and molecular diversity of a tropical tree species Guazuma crinita in the Peruvian Amazon
Tuisima Coral, Lady Laura ; Lojka, Bohdan (advisor) ; Helena, Helena (referee)
Fast growing tree species Guazuma crinita (Malvaceae) was selected as a priority species for domestication in the Peruvian Amazon due its important contribution to the livelihood of local farmers. Its domestication process is still in an early age as for many tropical tree species little is known about its genetic variability and we dont know anything about the impact of domestication on its genetic resources. The main objective of this research was to assess the genetic variability of G. crinita within and among populations in the Peruvian Amazon by the use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular (ISSR and AFLP) markers.
Wood physical properties among six G. crinita provenances were evaluated. Wood samples were drilled from the base middle and top of the stem of 12 randomly selected eight-years-old trees for determination of wood measurement. Pearson correlations between physical properties were also determined. All wood physical properties except green density differed significantly among provenances. We also found statistically significant variation due to stem level position. The moderately dense wood and the coefficient of anisotropy (1.6) suggested that G. crinita has stable wood; they represent important advantages in terms of costs for transport and transformation process. The results suggested potential to select provenances with desirable wood properties for further breeding and domestication. Due to the variation found even in limited tree samples it is recommended further analysis with more extensive number of samples from different provenances and planting zones.
This research presents the first assessment of genetic variability based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for 44 G. crinita genotypes from a clonal garden multiplication established in the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) in Ucayali region. Ten ISSR primers amplified a total of 65 bands of which 61 were polymorphic (93.8%). The range of DNA amplification varied from 260 to 2200 bp. Among the provenances overall genetic differentiation (Gst) was 0.03 indicating 97% of genetic diversity within provenances. Gene flow (Nm) was 12.9 alleles per generation. Cluster analysis was not related with geographic origin suggesting a common gene pool which was supported by calculation of weak positive correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance.
With the use of AFLP markers an insight on how domestication process does impact G. crinita genetic resources is also reported on this research work. I was able to generate fingerprint for 58 leaf samples representing eight provenances and three population types, 19 from a natural regenerated population 15 cultivated in home garden nursery and 24 from a collection of genotypes considered as semi-domesticated population. Seven selective AFLP primer combinations were used. A total of 171 fragments were amplified with 99.42% of polymorphism at species level. Each type of population generated fragments with 72.51% 49.12% and 54.39% of polymorphic fragments respectively. Neis genetic diversity and Shannon index information were found to be higher in the population of natural regeneration compared to overall semi-domesticated population (He = 0.10 and 0.9; I = 0.19 and 0.16 respectively). The analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) showed higher variation within provenances rather than among (84% and 4% respectively). UPGMA clusters analysis and PCoA did not showed correspondence between genetic and geographic distance in addition their correlation was not significant. There was a significant genetic differentiation among types of population suggesting slight genetic bottleneck in semi-domesticated populations yet with relatively high levels of genetic variation.
In situ conservation for populations with high levels of genetic diversity was recommended. In addition proper management of natural regeneration and ex situ genotype collections might be a good conservation strategy to maintain G. crinita genetic resources.
The use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular markers were successful to reveal genetic variability of G. crinita and they could be used for other tropical tree species. For further researches it is emphasis to extent the number of samples and geographic scale.
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Current situation regarding the sources and intake of selenium in European population
Půtová, Lucie ; Čadková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Křivská, Daniela (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the current dietary recommendations and the actual intake of selenium from food for the European inhabitants, divided into 6 appropriate regions. Above all, the thesis deals with the issue of the sources of this element and possible ways of its supplementation. Part of this thesis is also the identification of areas in which there is a risk of low intake of selenium, and at the same time there the reasons for this deficit are adressed.
In the introduction selenium is characterized as a trace biogenic element that has physical and chemical properties, which affect the organism of each individual. Selenium can have a wide range of positive effects, but at the same time, of course, its toxicity needs to be taken into account. For this reason, in this study space was devoted to diseases that selenium may cause in cases of non-compliance with the recommended amount of intake.
The amount of the intake of selenium depends mainly on its content in the soil. The concentration of selenium differs according to the geographical conditions of individual regions, which are described in the main part of this thesis. Each region contains a different amount of selenium in soil and consequently in animal and plant products. According to my knowledge from the study of literature, another very important factors is the availability of certain foods, such as fish, which are rich in selenium and thus greatly increase concentration of selenium in the daily diet for several states. The focus was also given to countries, that don't have food rich in selenium, and thus, continue to seek the best possible form of supplementation.
This thesis shows the total comparison of the daily intake of selenium in the specific states of Europe. The results have shown that the most stable intake of this element occurs on the territory of the South Europe. They are mainly coastal states and there is a very good availability of fish products mentioned before. By contrast, in south-eastern Europe it is evident that due to the low financial possibilities the problem of selenium deficit is not dealt with and it is assumed that there may occurr a decline in intake of this element in the diet.
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Terminology of the new Civil Code regarding to physical persons and analysis of equivalent expression in French
VOSTRÁ, Žaneta
This thesis deals with the terminology of the new civil code from the field of natural persons, followed by the analysis of equivalent expression in French. The thesis consists of two large parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part is defined the professional functional style, legal language, legal translation and methods of translation with a short digression into the Czech and French civil code. Theoretical part is dedicated to suggestions of translation of natural persons related terminology area of the new civil code. Selected terms are divided into groups according to their common features. The aim of this paper is to create equivalents of the selected terminology.
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The Effect of Environmental Contamination on Quality of Leafy Vegetables
Jančíková, Silvie ; Pavlíková, Daniela (advisor) ; Veronika, Veronika (referee)
Heavy metals are widely distributed throughout the environment, but environment can be contaminated by these elements originated from anthropogenic activities. These toxic elements can be taken up by plant. Heavy metals accumulation and their uptake by plants depend on plant species, plant growing period, part of plant, soil characteristics (content of organic matters, physical chemical properties), interactions between metals etc. High concentrations of metal ions in plants can result in metabolic stress and so the plant metabolic stress mechanism can be induced : organic acids exudation, heavy metals binding in cell walls, phytochelatins synthesis etc.
In case, that various protective mechanisms against toxic elements are not successful, heavy metals cause the damage to plant metabolism. This is indicated by changes in the contents of amino acids and fatty acids, enzymatic changes, inhibition of yield of aboveground biomass, chlorosis of leaves.
There is an important difference between Zn and the other elements. Zn is an essential micronutrient and its content in contrast to the other elements without biological function is less toxic for plants.
Vegetables are rich sources of essentials nutrients and heavy metals can significantly affect their quality. The consumption of contaminated vegetables may result in negative effects on nutritional composition. Leafy vegetables have relatively higher concentrations and transfer factors of heavy metals in contrast to root and fruit vegetables. There is the high health risk to consume the vegetable which is exposure to heavy metal polluted environment.
The majority of European agricultural soils is safe for food production, but the areas with the high population density (China) have level of contamination which present ecological and health risk. For this reason many studies have focused on crop accumulation of heavy metals in such areas.
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Selected Physical Wood Properties of Douglas Fir from Sites in the Czech Republic
Chvojka, Jan ; Zeidler, Aleš (advisor) ; Podrázský, Vilém (referee)
This diploma thesis was created to evaluate of selected physical properties, density and shrinkage of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii / Mirbel / FRANCO) wood, coming from areas of Lesy města Písku, s.r.o. and the territory of School Forest Enterprise in Kostelec nad Černými lesy of Czech University of Life Sciences. The work tested density and shrinkage, their subsequent comparison with native species and the relevant data from the regions of original distribution of these species. It was also assessed if these physical properties are affected by location of growth or if they vary between individual trees and what is the effect of horizontal or vertical position in a stem on the tested values. It was shown that the density reaches higher values than our native trees. It was found that location of growth or individual trees have influence on the tested properties. The value of density is decreasing with growing height of the tree and increasing with growing distance from the center of the tree. Shrinkage in tangential direction was lower in comparison with Scotch pine, but higher in radial direction. Volumetric shrinkage reached lower values than Scotch pine.
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Spring water fauna in selected areas of Lusatian mountains
Šindelářová, Kateřina ; Bílý, Michal (advisor) ; Ladislav, Ladislav (referee)
In the years 2015 2016 was examined in the Lusatian mountains 10 head
where it sprang. In each of its fauna has been collected as bentická, as well as
underground, and now in three series. Then there was the environment of each
spring, which is bound by the occurrence of fauna. Were chemical and physical
parameters.
In 9 of the watch was continuously measured and the measured temperature
of the individual chemical physical indicators. It was found that the environment
springs from 2013 has changed significantly, so it is stable. The water that flows on
the surface, here is clean and almost meets in terms of chemical ukazatelůnormy of
drinking water. The source for all the circumstances today, is the same. The
underground source of these sources comes from the period of coniaku and is very
shallow. The composition of the benthic fauna is significantly changed from 2013,
only changing the abundance of individuals. Once again managed to confirm the
occurrence of the ploštěnky mountain (Crenobia alpina). By lapacích o.k., managed
to remove fauna occurring in the groundwater. It was deep and.
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Photogrammetry using UAV and non-metric photocamera
Filín, Slavomír ; Brychta, Jiří (advisor) ; Rejha, Vít (referee)
This thesis deals with the use of unmanned airborne vehicles especially in environmental sectors. Gradually they describe the different types and characteristics of aircraft. The introduction explains the historical development and the legislation applicable to the management of unmanned airborne vehicle. Another part deals with processing of the results acquired with the help of UAVs. It is explained by the physical principle of data collection. The following describes the different types of data that can be obtained by placing different sensors and cameras for UAV support. This is a multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal imaging and lidar sensors. It explains the process of evaluating the measurement data in the GIS environment. Work also addresses the evaluation of the images taken by UAV with the help of a semi automated software. The paper presents examples of the world's most pervasive software. Attention was also placed on the use of individual outputs. The last section provides examples of the use of UAVs or software on concrete examples, where the UAV resources necessary tool for the project implementation.
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Impact of antropogenic activities on ecological status of the Meredský creek
Rosypalová, Hana ; Komínková, Dana (advisor) ; Libuše, Libuše (referee)
The presented thesis deals with the evaluation of the ecological status of small watercourse Meredský creek situated in Central Bohemia. Meredský creek springs in the village of Záborná Lhota, runs through the village of Chotilsko and behind the village of Čím empties into the river Vltava. This creek is affected by the urbanization, in the catchment area there is continual livestock grazing and there are several bigger water areas and smaller ponds situated on the creek. The landscape is completed by the mixed and coniferous forests and meadows.
The evaluation rate of the pollution was determined according to the selected physical and chemical indicators of the water quality directly in the flow or evaluated in the laboratory conditions, biological status was determined by the community of aquatic macroinvertebrates (saprobity index, ASPT index, BMWP score, Margalef´s diversity index) and hydromorpohological status (average status) was evaluated too.
The final ecological status was evaluated according to the Czech State Standard 75 7221 and requirements given by the environmental quality standards. Concentrations of ammonia, total phosphorus, nitrates, chlorides, dissolved oxygen were accomplished as not meeting environmental quality standards. According to the saprobity index, ASPT index, BMWP score water quality is average. Meredský creek reached the 3rd Class of hydromorphological status. According to the chemical status final ecological status is established as not meeting the requirements of the environmental quality standards and general measures leading to the better ecological status are suggested.
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Evaluation nutrition of horse today at a time when the horse becomes the subject of a pets breeding
Nápravníková, Eva ; Mudřík, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
The master's thesis describes evolution of horses, its domestication and coexistence with humans. The hypothesis is that 'The common used feed portions in hobby breeding programmes don't correspond to true need of nutrition established according to the horses actual sport performance'.
The horse is a non-ruminant herbivore, whose digestion of fiber is based on its fermentation in the colon. Therefore there are certain limitations and requirements for the feeding technology and the composition of the feed for individual horses. The transfer of the matter through the digestive tract and absorption of nutrition in each part of the digestive tract.
The next part of the thesis concentrates on metabolism during physical work, adaptability to training and physiology of training. There is a part focused on utilization of energy from feed, where the difference between an anaerobic and aerobic metabolism is described.
To accept or decline the hypothesis, three horses with different equestrian use were chosen. The first was a Welsh Part Bred (WPB) pony mare competing in pony show jumping at L level. The second was a Czech warmblood (ČT) mare competing in both show jumping and dressage at L level. The last was a WPB pony mare used for hobby riding. For all three horses, the nutrition values of feed rations was calculated for the reporting period. These were compared with the true requirements of each horse according to their physical work. It was established that the selected horses were not fed according to their actual sports performance.
Therefore the hypothesis was confirmed. The found data was transferred into a graph form for ease of evaluation. Where there was a higher fluctuation in the value of the feed portions, it was pointed out the danger to horses with long term feeding of unsuitable feed portions.
The master's thesis shows to the owner of horses used in hobby breeding with the need to build the feed portions according to real physical work of their horses. The use of wrong feed portions and feed technology can cause health problems with long term effects.
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