|
Diagnotics of the important apple viruses
Winkowska, Lucie ; Ryšánek, Pavel (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) are economically the most important viruses in pome fruit trees, which are distributed worldwide and can caused significantly yield reduction. The major control strategies (namely pathogen detection, exclusion by crop certification or quarantine, control in infected orchards by eradication from infected cultivars and rootstocks, etc.) rely heavily on accurate and sensitive detection methods and on perfect knowledge of pathogens.
In the doctoral thesis the diagnostic method quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was optimized for detection and quantification of four studied viruses. The results suggested that qRT-PCR method was the most reliable technique in comparison with conventional diagnostic methods DAS/I-ELISA and RT-PCR.
In our study the concentration of ASGV, ASPV and ACLSV, measured by qRT-PCR, were stable during vegetation and in different plant tissue. Only the concentration of ApMV changed during vegetation in leaves and inner bark. This result indicates that changes of virus concentration observed by DAS/I-ELISA and RT-PCR in plant tissues are caused by other way (inhibitors, plant senescence, lower sensitivity, ect.) than by changes of virus concentrations in plant.
Under the monitoring (at all 351 trees were tested) it was showed, that studied viruses were more spread in orchards and gardens then in wild apple trees.
Selected virus isolates from wild apple trees and apples from orchards and gardens were sequenced and molecular variability was studied also with already published isolates. However individual isolates of studied viruses were similar. The variability associated with geographic origin or with type of planting has not been confirmed.
|
|
Utilization of biological and chemical amelioration treatments for restoration of anthropogenic degraded locality near Boleboř village in Ore Mts.
Kouba, Martin ; Podrázský, Vilém (advisor)
This dissertation contains evaluation of the growth dynamics and nutritional status of tree species plantations after application of biological and chemical amelioration treatments, impact of trees on quality of soil and on the accumulation of surface humus. There were evaluated: Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), Blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.), Birch (Betula spp.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), Gray alder (Alnus incana Moench.), Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus L.) and Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.).
On 4 research plots in Boleboř (Ore Mts.) was measured height, thickness of root collar, breast-height diameter. Were taken samples of soil, weed and assimilation apparatus. There was determined yellowing, browsing, plants mortality and calculated amount of accumulated surface humus.
Application of fertilizer Silvamix Forte on spreading windrows reduced mortality and increased increment for the first 3 years, the effect is evident even after 10 years. It was not confirmed the attractiveness of plants for wildlife after Silvamix Forte application. Silvamix Mg fertilizer application had minimal effect on the growth dynamics and nutrient contents in needles. Positively impacted soil characteristics, increased the value of the cation exchange capacity, decrease in hydrolytic acidity, increase the saturation of sorption bases, decrease of aluminium ions Al3+ and decrease of Fe2O3. On fertilized plots increased content of available nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium, increase of the total supply of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium. The rapid increase in the content of Ca and Mg is related to the liming in 2002. Fertilizer application significantly supported the development of ground-weed on plots of Colorado blue spruce mixed with birch, while in pure stands of Colorado blue spruce led to a reduction in aboveground biomass.
For the Colorado blue spruce mixed with birch plot compared with only Colorado blue spruce plot were documented favourable soil properties, increased supply of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Rowan tree on an intact soil surface exhibits the lowest reaction pH as humus and in the mineral, high hydrolytic acidity, extremely sorption unsaturated soil state, high content of ion Al3+ and low content of available calcium, although was applied liming. Technical and biological reclamation (Boleboř III.) has a long-term positive effect on the average height and breast-height diameter of Colorado blue spruce and white pine. The growth dynamics of European larch and Lodgepole pine were affect only at the beginning. Meliorated stand of Gray Alder has very good growth dynamics, comparable with Larch and Lodgepole pine. The big problem is the game impact, especially in Lodgepole pine, which led to the destruction of all individuals. Colorado Blue spruce in terms of biological reclamation is totally inappropriate. This Spruce has reduced resistance to abiotic factors, which often suffer uprooting and breakage. During the 21 years the Clorado Blue spruce mixed with birch accumulated of 66,09 t.ha-1 humus matter with better properties also in the deeper horizon. Colorado Blue spruce accumulated 54,11 t.ha-1 of humus matter. Rowan tree accumulated on the intact soil largest amount of humus matter (194,98 t.ha-1), however acidifies the deeper horizons. The stand of Norway Spruce occurred during the reporting period a decrease of 47% to 107,03 t.ha-1. The decline may be associated with more open stand and due to air liming.
|
|
Optimization of travel agency routes
Ötwösová, Karolina ; Kučera, Petr (advisor) ; Pavlíčková, Petra (referee)
Summary
This thesis deals with the optimization of chosen travel agency routes. The optimization is performed using several methods, e. g. nearest neighbor method, Vogel approximation method and spanning tree method. For each method a comparison is provided with the original route and map, which illustrates visited places and their distribution.
The theoretical part describes the origin of tourism, the Czech republic in international tourism, legislation and logistics. In this section the methods of the analytical part and their advantages and disadvantages are described.
In the final part of the work all the information obtained using the above methods are included in the final discussion and there the best method for chosen travel agency is featured.
|
|
Basic comparison winter wheat and neighboring flowering strip
Suchý, Viktor ; Kazda, Jan (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
Summary
The winter wheat belongs to the staple crop not only around the whole world, but also in the Czech Republic, where it has been grown on about 38 percent of the cultivated land and, regarding the general share of cereals, on 60 percent of the cultivated land. Since the cereals do not provide nectar, nor are they the valuable source of pollen, as regards to the diversity of insects the cereals provide rather poor environment. The lack of food resources for the living species of insects in the agricultural landscape influenced by the high ratio of cereals should be compensated by flowering strips. Regardless of the potential of the flowering strips to support the biodiversity of insects in landscapes, the flowering strips could boost useful species of insects in surrounding plants and help with pest control.
In 2014 the research experiment on a flowering nectar-rich biostrip supposedly improving the presence of pollinators as well as natural enemies was done on the field of the research station in Uhrineves, Prague. In autumn 2014 the winter wheat was sowed and then in spring 2015 the flowering strips consisting of 12 plant species were sowed along one side of the winter wheat field. The observations of the insect species presence were always conducted during favourable climatic conditions from the beginning of June until the harvest of winter wheat in late July. Insect captures were conducted using Moericke traps method once or twice a week and sweep-netting method once every two weeks. The number of insects species such as predators (Coccinellidae, Cantharidae, Staphylinidae), parasitoids (Hymenoptera parasitica) and pollinators (Syrphidae) were observed. Simultaneously, the intensity of flowering including species of weeds was assessed. The open flowers were counted on four unchanged spots on the field, the area of 1 square metre. MS Excel was used for data processing.
The hypothesis of the project has been confirmed. Using the sweepnetting methods, the higher number of monitored insect species has been found in the flowering strips compared to the wheat vegetation. Significantly higher number of parasitic wasps specimens has been observed. The sweepnetting method is considered as an appropriate in comparison to Moericke traps, which have been luring the insects in the vicinity, but have not proved the real presence of insects in the cover.
|
|
Growth performance of common-sized planting stock and saplings after plantation on forest sites
Kaiser, Josef ; Kuneš, Ivan (advisor) ; Tužinský, Marek (referee)
The clear-cut area which is afforested in the Czech Republic is around 20 th. hectares large annually. In the last decades, we have observed frequent periods of the spring and late summer drought, which significantly negatively influence survival of the reglarly used transplants (RUT) however. Thus, it is necessary to search methods, which can decrease such losses. One possiblity how to solve this problém is to used containered transplants, the second one is the use of the plant material (PM) of bigger size (semi-large-sized=SLSPS and large-sized planted stock=LSPS). These larger plants are more resistant to unsuitable influences of environment than the RUT. The advantage of SLSPS and LSPS is also shorter time of necessary care to plants and lower costs to secure plants in comparison to RUT. Above mentioned facts were taken into consideration in creation of instructions for my bachelor thesis. The goal was to estimate the parameters of mortality and growth of selected various PM, moreover on sites heavily influenced by human activities. As model trees were selected: oak (Quercus robur) and lime (Tilia cordata). PM was generally bare-rooted (RUT, SLSPS and LSPS) and planting was done by mechanize equipment (into bored holes) at study sites Truba (Kostelec nad Černými lesy) and Hůrka (Planá nad Lužnicí). The first part of experiment was established at Truba on area of former forest nursery and cosisted of lime RUT and LSPS, the second one was established at site Hůrka in area of former sand querry, where RUT, and oak and lime SLSPS and LSPS were used. No one site was moved during experiments. The measurement on Truba was repeated on spring and on autumn 2012-15 and in 2015 on Hůrka. The height of PM was evaluated by using scale lath, the thickness of stem was measured above ground by using digital scale. Subsequently, data were evaluated in Excel and statistically tested by Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicate, that mortality of RUT at Truba is 5 times larger than that of LSPS. The similar result was obtained also at Hůrka, the mortality of lime RUT was twice larger than in case of LSPS however. The lowest mortality was observed surprisely on SLSPS. The comparison of the oak RUT and LSPS indicated no any differences in mortality. The mortality of oak PM was generally significantly lover than lime PM one. Statistical tests also indicated, that the size of study sets of PM was too low for optimal scientific evaluation of selected parameters. The obtained results also indicate, that important factor, which influences mortality must be (apart from type of the PM) also additional, non-defined factors of environment up to now.
|
| |
|
Comparison between yellow-flowering hybrid WOSR varieties and white-flowering OP variety Witt in Flower Power System crop management in Agro Rubín a.s.
Vysoký, Josef ; Baranyk, Petr (advisor) ; Jaromír, Jaromír (referee)
Goal of this thesis is to compare yellow flowering hybrid WOSR varieties growth in conventional agriculture to white flowering OP variety growth in Flower Power System (FPS). We also have to confirm/deny that OP variety Witt is at least the same profitable as hybrid varieties (HV), due to the ecological and economical advantages of the FPS.
The effect of FPS is in growing Witt variety sown around by earlier yellow flowering variety buffer strip. The yellow flowering strip should be wide as minimum as plant protection sprayer, in this case it was 24 m. The buffer strip was sown by OP variety Cortes.
Primary tillage plowing was done immediately after the forecrop of winter barley harvest and after application of organic manure - pig manure on crushed straw. Sowing all studied varieties was conducted in the period 11th to 21st August 2014.
Autumn crop emergence and development carried out evenly, no significant pest damage was observed, due to the warm weather was needed triple application of morphoregulator. To winter crops entered with a sufficient number of true leaves, strong root neck and joined rosette of leaves.
Spring crop development launched very soon, thanks to a mild winter hibernating varieties by 91-96% plants. Applications of DASA took place in early March, the first application of DAM 390 in the second half of March. Flowering took place in an average of month, March 29 - May 30, 2015. Application of insecticides was carried out on all varieties 1x in the bud stage, the second one in bloom against gall midges (Dasineura brassicae) was dropped due to a weak incidence, so did not show the expected effect of FPS.
Harvest was initiated due to the very hot and dry weather on the 21st of July 2015. The overall average yield was 4.64 t8%/ha. Witt yield was 4.64 t8%/ha and buffer strip variety Cortes 4,62 t8%/ha and the HV 4.67 t8%/ha (4.19 to 5.01 t8%/ha). Plant protection products profitability for a variety Witt reached 87.10%, the average HV 87.49% (86.10% to 88.46%).
The numbers show us that the OP variety Witt does not reach at least the same profitability as the HV, but when compared with some specific HV is significantly overcome, which is at OP variety interesting. When comparing the content of fat acids, Witt contains almost the same proportions of fat acids as Cortes. That gives no reason to reach higher prices when selling Witt seeds, so you cannot count on this advantage as stated by the dealer. But in conjunction with lower environmental burden on bees and other non-target organisms, the variety Witt seems to be a very interesting choice.
|
|
The history of land art in the Czech Republic
Vostruhová, Anna ; Buttry, Ivana (advisor) ; Hladíková, Lucie (referee)
This bachelor thesis is about the history of land art in the Czech Republic, and focuses on the contemporary views on the problems of the development of land art in the Czech Republic from the point of view of professional literature. It is a summary of theoretical starting points for this given theme. The main goal of this thesis is to create an integrated overview of contemporary literature about a specific theme. No article focusing on this has been published to this day. Czech land art has always been only briefly outlined in a few paragraphs of art history books, and this only in the case where it was the resulting development of a specific artistic event. However, the details have never been described, that is why the focus of this thesis is important, mainly for the integrated overview of this category of Czech art.
Land art is a type of art which is realized out in the open country, which is why the first chapter of the literary research describes the value of the open country as such, and also in terms of the history of the art, in which it was diversely preceived. Land art is actually the first branch of art which does not attempt to depict the country, but instead works with it. That is why land art is important, as it exemplifies a new manner of perceiving artistic expression, where it does not revolve around creating traditional pieces to be displayed in galleries.
The next chapter is consecrated to the description of the origins and development of land art in the world for the general purposes of an integrated overview. This chapter is important for reasons of comparisons of the approach to land art in the Czech Republic as opposed to that in the rest of the world. This difference is also influenced by differences of cultural and political natures, which are also outlined in this chapter. The following chapters describe the development of Czech land art with a focus on the artistic events from which it arose. The final part of this thesis discusses specific Czech artists and their pieces. Famous Czech land artists such as Ivan Kafka, Zorka Ságlová, Miloš Šejn and some others can be found among them.
|
|
Analysis of project- and tender prices of arboricultural treatments within project Greenery restoration in group of communities Novoborsko
Sviták, Jan ; Kunt, Miroslav (advisor) ; Miroslav, Miroslav (referee)
SUMMARY
The first chapter of my dissertation is set on the problematics of greenery in villages and cities and characterization of activities that are realized in the project The common solution in the care of the native landscape where the inventarization of trees in the region of the Union of the Novoborsko villages is processed, with the utilization of standard metodics of technical state meassuring of trees, analysis of the state of vegetation zones and the singular trees with the use of ISAT metodics and measurements. With the measurements acquired in this project was founded the project: Regeneration of the greenery in the Union of the Novoborsko villages.
The aim of this work is comparison of real prizes in individual arrangements with the prizes of transparent open competitions. The work contains summary of prizes of these arrangements in the individual villages and cities in the Union. In the next stage are the main section of open competitions and the output acquired from the prize offers of individual companies involved in these competitions. The last stage of this work contain outputs and the realization of next stages of the The common solution in care of the greenery project and the preparation of the Regeneration of the greenery in the Union of the Novoborsko villages project. The outputs shows common and widely known truth that the projected prizes of the projects are way off in comparsion with the offered prizes of companies which partakes in the open competitions . This work proved that final prize of the starting prizes in the competitive tendering is significantly lowered in the end. Specifically saying, the prize of the winning prizes is lowered for about a third for the whole project, but even equally in the partial prizes of the items.
After comparsion analysis of prius, using the application of prizes listed in the ÚRS price lists in combination with real prizes of arboristic companies it gives us a common rules how to prepare a request for grants linked with projects of the solutions in the care of greenery.Practical and theoretical skills of the realized project Regeneration of the greenery in the Union of the Novoborsko villages were used.
In my opinion the main aim of these outputs can be in the usage of the realization and the preparation of the projects linked with the care of the greenery and woody plants that villages and towns in Liberec region make, because the situation is similar like in the Union of the Novoborsko villages.
I believe that this work may improve the not so good state of greenery and the better budget making of small villages.
|
|
Specifics of implementation of PPC campaigns in Kazakhstan in comparison with the Czech Republic
Akhmetzhanova, Adina ; Pilař, Ladislav (advisor) ; Poláková, Jana (referee)
The paper analyzes the differences and specifics of using PPC adversting on internet in the Czech Republic and Kazakhstan. It defines the basic concepts and tools of internet marketing and describes the internet advertising of Kazakhstan in comparison to advertising campaigns in the Czech Republic. The work mainly focuses on description and explanation of the effect of the Pay-Per-Click advertising campaigns. Geographical advantages will be considered, important statistics and personally designed graphs will be included into the work. Systems, which will be described by AdWords, Sklik, and Direct.Yandex. These tools are selected because they are most commonly used in Czech and Kazakh markets and have the potential to cover advertising around the world. The options for their use and the identified differences are interpreted stating the key specifics of those countries.
|
guest ::
