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Expression of selected proteins in sperm in men with normal and pathological spermiograms using monoclonal antibodies
Pěknicová, Jana ; Čapková, Jana ; Dorosh, Andriy ; Margaryan, Hasmik ; Kubátová, Alena ; Děd, Lukáš
Recent studies show that infertility in human populations it affects an estimated 15% of couples of reproductive age. Male infertility is the primary cause for 60% of these cases. For these reasons, we analyzed the acrosomal and sperm surface proteins in men with normal and pathological spermiograms. We found that intra-acrosome proteins: TERA (Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase), GAPDHS (Sperm Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and PRKAR2A (C-AMP-dependent protein kinase II, PRKAR2A), which can be identified using our monoclonal antibodies, are different express in healthy men and men with astenozoospermia (with reduced sperm motility), and with a significantly reduced expression in the astenozoospermia. These proteins are involved in energy metabolism and apoptosis of the cells, and some of them in the sperm-egg interaction; therefore, they have an important role in reproduction. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in the expression of surface proteins (Appolipoprotein J (Clusterin) and Semenogelin). Our findings show that astenozoospermia as a complex disorder of the semen is often combined with other pathological conditions that are not diagnosed by the semen analysis. Therefore monoclonal antibodies are so suitable instrument for the detection of proteins associated with the pathology of the sperm in the semen with low sperm motility. In general, monoclonal antibodies against the sperm proteins are an appropriate tool to detect sperm quality in reproductive medicine.
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Fluorescent analysis of the differential protein expression in normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic sperm samples
Děd, Lukáš ; Čapková, Jana ; Kubátová, Alena ; Teplá, O. ; Pěknicová, Jana
Asthenozoospermia is one of the main seminal pathologies underlying male infertility. Previous proteomic studies have demonstrated the significant differences in the protein profiles between normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic sperm samples. Since these studies were primarily focused on the identification of differentially expressed proteins by mass spectrometry, we aimed to evaluate the ability of our diagnostic antibodies to detect the differential expression of selected protein markers by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry techniques. Therefore, we analyzed sperm samples from 30 men with normal and 30 men with astheno spermiograms, average by the panel of our diagnostic anti-human sperm (Hs) antibodies. Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry analysis revealed quantitative differences in the protein abundances between normo and astheno sperm samples, namely, in GAPDHs, evaluated with Hs-8 MoAb, VCP, evaluated with Hs-14 MoAb, and ATP synthase, evaluated with MoAb Hs-36. From the methodological point of view, we observed very high correlation between the data obtained by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry techniques and therefore both methods are useful for evaluation of protein differences associated with asthenozoospermia. From the clinical point of view, we observed the strong association of the low sperm motility in the sample with the expression of proteins, playing an important role in sperm energy metabolism (expected), but also with the expression of all tested intra-acrosomal proteins. These findings further demonstrate asthenozoospermia as a complex semen disorder frequently associated with other semen pathologies, which are not diagnosed by basic semen analysis, and the possibility to use monoclonal antibodies as a tool for diagnosis of protein associated sperm pathologies in the semen with the low sperm motility.
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The Role of Nurse in the Prevention of Disease of Civilisation
PAVLOVÁ, Martina
The current state Prevention is a complex care of a patient when we are trying to prevent from the occurrence or development of a disease, or when we want to prevent from its consequences and mitigate them. Recommendations for prevention set by a doctor must be on a scientific basis, and they must be a part of all branches of medicine. Their effectiveness depends on the cooperation between patients and medical staff. The basic and most efficient method of prevention is the health promotion and health education, which is closely associated with it. The term health promotion involves a set of activities and precautions for the purpose of making health better and sustaining it. Diseases of civilisation (hereinafter "DoC") are groups of diseases which are distinguished by their association to our lifestyles. Human body is more and more threatened from unfavourable influences of external environment, such as the quality of atmosphere, work environment and environment itself, the lack of physical movement, unhealthy diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The list of diseases of civilisation varies and changes together with our society and the development of our lifestyles. Among the most common or frequent diseases of current time are cardiovascular diseases, which involve atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery disease and obesity. Furthermore, between civilization diseases include diabetes mellitus type 2 or cancer, etc. The goal of the thesis There are two goals set for this paper. The first goal was to find out what the role of a nurse in the prevention of diseases of civilisation was. The second goal was to find out what the above mentioned role of a nurse was from the point of view of patients. Methodology For the purpose of the research part of this thesis, qualitative research using semistructured interviews was carried out. Respondents were divided into two groups; the first one consisted of eight nurses working at internal medicine and neurological department of the hospital in České Budějovice and a nurse working in a private office of a general practitioner for adult patients. The second group consisted of eight patients of the above mentioned health facilities. Results According to our findings, nurses and patients have different oppinions on the role of a nurse. Nurses in disease prevention see themselves as an equivalent to a doctor when undertaking this practice and giving guidance. The patient speaks only to the nurse who emphasized what they were told by the doctor and reiterated the main points. They make available to them leaflets and brochures or Internet resources. In contrast, most patients see a nurse as a more important source of information than the doctor. Patients have the feeling that the doctor does not have enough time or does not want to be botherd with questions. Rather the patient turns to his nurse, which they sees as more appropriate and someone to whom they can confide in without bothering. Summary The goal of the thesis was to focus on prevention, DoC, and the role of a nurse in the prevention of such diseases, as well as to study this issue, look at it from the point of view of patients and nurses via the interviews carried out in this paper, and to analyse such information. Based on this analysis are published recommendations for nurses and patients.
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Work in social integration process of adults with intellectual disability.
SVITÁKOVÁ, Iveta
In my bachelor thesis, I dealt with the use of work activities in the process of social integration of adults with mental disabilities, the aim was to create, implement and evaluate regular work activities intended to a specific group of adults with mental disability and focused primarily on the development of social integration. The thesis is structured into six chapters. The first of them is focused on the definition of mental disability, characteristic of adulthood as an important developmental period in human life, and on adulthood of individuals with mental disabilities with a goal to find and identify the specifics that were needed to be taken into account when working with this target group of people. The following section is devoted to the social integration, its determinants and the environment in which it operates. I continued with the outputs in the third chapter, where I focused on key competencies, which them are the necessary basis for social integration, especially social and personal skills and communication skills, necessary basis. Targeted professional development can be realized through educational activities, but has to respect the specificities of the participants and voluntary participation. Both of these assumptions can be fulfilled within the leisure education using adequate pedagogical methods. For this reason, I decided to focus my attention on these areas at the end of the chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to work and work activities, namely the definition of concepts, their characteristics and importance and role of work activities in human life, or a person with mental disability. Based on all acquired theoretical knowledge and using previous experience with the target group in the fifth chapter, I designed a specific training program based on the work and activities focused on the development of selected key competences. The educational program volunteered four participants, but I have decided to follow the development of competencies of three participants because one participant attended the program very irregularly. The program has been implemented three times a week, two and a half hours for seven months (from October 2015 to May 2016) in the premises of the training centre Mo-zai-ka. At the beginning of the realisation of the created educational program, the participants agreed that we will adhere and develop good habits necessary for good relations within the group and the results of the work. On a basis of the individual characteristics of the participants, I prepared the work, which should also contribute to the development of social and personal and interpersonal skills. I have continuously monitored and recorded them. During the implementation of the program, I put emphasis on repetition, patient negotiations with participants and creating a friendly atmosphere. After completing the training program, I evaluated the development of competencies in three selected participants. On that basis, I concluded that the biggest change was in the communicative competence. I also experienced a change in social and personal competencies, however, results varied widely among individual participants. Yet, I believe that the goal of the thesis was achieved. These results show that education in leisure time, based on work activities may lead to the development of social and personal and interpersonal skills that are for adults with mental disabilities necessary in the process of social integration. This thesis can be an interesting source of inspiration for the realisation of similar programs aimed at social integration of persons with mental disabilities.
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Specifics of nursing care in patients after transapical aortic valve implantation.
VOTRUBOVÁ, Nataliya
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a new and an attractive method in cardiology and as well as in cardiac surgery. It is constantly evolving method which has been developed as an alternative to standard open surgery, especially in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis with unacceptably high perioperative risk or patients who are not suitable for conventional open heart surgery because of age and comorbidities.A teamwork is very importantfor this new method and approach. The choice for TAVI is discussed by the institutional multidisciplinary heart team, typically consisting of interventional cardiologists, imaging-specialists, cardiac surgeons and anaesthesiologists. The first implant in a human being was performed by Cribierin 2002. In Czech Republic this method was first used in 2008. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was accepted as a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery. This method does not require the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, and cardiac arrest. Other several benefits includinglower risks of bleeding and stroke events, better wound healing, less pain, as well as more rapid early recovery due to preservation of continuity of the sternumthat result in shorter durations of stay in the hospital, earlier rehabilitation and faster returns to normal life. In the presented work was used a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods of investigation. The data was obtained by using the quantitative research. The main technique was using the questionnaires designed for nurses working at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Czech Budejovice, a. s. These results were backed up by the implementation of qualitative research, which investigated the patients and physicians view on monitored issues. Questioning method using a semi structured interview technique was used for qualitative research. The results of the survey were processed using descriptive statistics charts in LibreOffice Calc and using diagrams created in LibreOffice Writer. Qualitative results of the research were transcribed from audio recordings and coded, and the base code was created nine categories of interviews with clients/patients and three categories of interviews with doctors. The aim of this work was to explore the specific problem of nursing care about the clients / patients after transapical aortic valve implantation. On the base of our obtained data it is evident, that the client/patient after TAVI may be positioned sideways, the use of surgical drains are less frequently, so the care about the surgical wounds is simpler, patients report less pain in the surgical wound and postoperative rehabilitation and recovery is shorter. H1 - The nurses take care about the clients/patients after transapical aortic valve implantation in the same way as about the clients/patients after open aortic valve replacement, without realizing the differences between the patients treated with different approaches, was not confirmed. The nurses'sees/reported major differences in invasiveness and extent of providing care, rehabilitation, convalescent, in the duration of the hospitalization and better cosmetic effect. The results of the research can serve as a basis for creating the standards of nursing care or educational material for clients/patients. It is also possible to present the results of this work at a specialized seminar for non medical healthcare workers and results can also increase the quality of nursing care about the clients/patients after transapical aortic valve implantation.
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Consumption of fiber in old age
ŠÁLEK, Jan
The theme of this bachelor thesis is the Consumption of fiber in the old age (seniors). Formerly, the dietary fiber was considered unnecessarily burdensome for human organism. Later, it was found that it has a relatively large impact on human health, especially by serving as a prebiotic for symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. There is still prevailing opinion that roughage divides into a soluble and insoluble, despite that some types of fiber cannot be definitely classified and placed into any of these groups because they have characteristics of both of them. The daily recommended dose is 30 g. The qualitative research was used for elaboration of the practical part. The first goal was to find out how much fiber seniors consume. The second aim was to compare the consumption of fiber among elderly people living alone and the elderly living in retirement homes built for them. The research group, at the first research question, consists of 20 seniors from the Southern Region aged over 65 years. The research group, at the second research question, consists of five retirement homes from the whole Czech Republic. All respondents were given a record sheet for one week, and instructions on how to fill it. Acquired menus were subsequently re-calculated through the program "Nutriservis Professional". The results show higher consumption of fiber than the average in the Czech Republic, but there is still almost a half missing to get the recommended daily dose. There was observed BMI and its impact on the consumption of fiber. No significant effect was found, because overweight had all interviewees except one respondent. The financial limit is visible for evaluated diet of homes for the elderly, therefore, there are no whole grain products, vegetables and almost no fruit. Despite these limitations, the average consumption of fiber is almost equal to elderly people living alone. In conclusion, there is a proposition how to, despite the low funds, increase the intake of roughage, and avoid or, at least, reduce the problems associated with its low consumption. Recommendations for respondents are individual and given under each evaluation.
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Card of Cryptosporidium infections by humans and animals
BLÁHOVEC, Ondřej
The representatives of the Cryptosporidium genus are one of the causes of gastrointestinal tract diseases in humans and animals. In animals the host may even be a respiratory apparatus. The disease is called cryptosproridiosis. In majority of cases this infection can bypass without any major problems, but in immunosuppressed individuals it can cause serious health problems. Cryptosporidium has a monoxenous development cycle, which basically means that the entire development takes place in a single host. Exogenous stage is represented by oocysts, which are in case of a gastrointestinal disease excreted in faeces. In case of a respiratory disease the oocysts make they way out via respiratory and nasal secretions. This leads to contamination of the environment or water. In general, it is expected that Cryptosporidium isolates, which are present in one class of vertebrates, are not infectious to a non-specific host from other classes. It is also expected that cryptosporidia have low host specificity. But this does not exclude that some kinds have gradually extended its specificity to more species. It is also apparent that cryptosporidium infections are common in animals that inhabit the external environment, so even a human can be endangered by this zoonosis, although the incidence in the Czech Republic is low. The reason for the low numbers may as well be that parasitological examination is not performed very often, so the estimated prevalence in the population is probably much higher. Therefore to reveal the originator of this disease it would be appropriate to perform a parasitological examination in persons who are in contact with animals, this way the cryptosporidium infection would be excluded or proven.
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Stress situations and nursing personnel
MAREŠOVÁ, Lucie
This thesis deals with the stressful situations in the profession of the nursing staff. The occupation of the nurse belongs to the most demanding ones. In this occupation, the nurse is permanently affected by many stressors of different types. She faces death, the suffering, dying and incurably ill people very often. She is there in times of pain, agony and suffering. Personal encounters with these difficult situations require highly professional approach but most of all, they present immense work stress for the nurse. The theory section describes mainly the stressful situations that are the most common and most difficult in the work of the nursing staff. The next part of the theory section describes possible consequences of the stressful situations and methods of managing them including the support by the management. This thesis has two objectives. The first objective was to map the manners used by the nursing personnel to cope with the stressful situations brought by their profession. The second objective was to find out the difference in the coping with the stressful situations between the hospital staff and hospice staff. The research section of this thesis contains the quantitative research done using the technique of an anonymous questionnaire with 20 question prepared by ourselves. The questionnaire was distributed to the nursing staff of all categories in the hospital and hospice care. It was completed by 269 respondents in total. The data was statistically processed using systems Microsoft Excel 2010 and Software R, version 3.0.2 (Chi-squared test, Fisher´s exact test, and Wilcoxon test). We determined four hypotheses. H1: Manners of coping with the stressful situations depend on the qualification of the nursing staff reached; not confirmed. H2: Manners of coping with the stressful situations are influenced by the length of practice of the staff; not confirmed. H3: Manners of coping with the stressful situations differ between the hospital staff and hospice staff; confirmed. H4: The nursing staff views their own mental hygiene as more efficient than the support from the management concerning the coping with the stressful situations; confirmed. The research results show that the nursing staff faces the stressful situations very often. They see as the heaviest stress the care of the suffering and aggressive patient, conflicts with the patient´s family, conflicts at work and workload. The manners of coping with the work burden which proved as the best for them are relax, rest and sleep. There were no differences proved in the manners of coping with the stress among respective members of the nursing team. Nevertheless, the coping with the work burden of the nursing staff in the hospital and hospice care is different. A minimum of the respondents notices any support during the stressful situations from the employer. On the other hand, certain support by the management could be viewed in the form of trainings, supervision or contribution to a "recovery" which are granted to the respondents from the employer according to their answers. However, the respondents would prefer, as the support by the management, the increase in pay or more days off. The respondents view as insufficient the preparation of the graduates for the future stressful situations in their profession, as well. They would recommend mainly various trainings dealing with the stress and its management. A good solution to alleviate the work burden of the nursing staff and quality enhancement of the services provided could be investments into better work conditions, both in terms of sufficient human and material resources and the very organization of the work processes.
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Nové postupy biomonitoringu cizorodých látek ve vodním prostředí
ČERVENÝ, Daniel
Within the presented work, several approaches of biomonitoring were studied. A well-established method for human health risk assessment was applied to evaluate the quality of fish from open waters in the Czech Republic. As this work is targeted on sport fishermen, who frequently consume their own catches, besides the publication in scientific journal, a brochure with results of this study was distributed via the Czech Fishing Union. Health risks for consumers related to the consumption of wild fish were found strongly species and locality dependent. As there is no risks related with the consumption of carp (Cyprinus carpio) at all investigated sites, frequent consumption of predatory fish should be avoided at some fishing grounds. The use of passive samplers has become more and more attractive in the last two decades. As these devices are able to mimic the biological uptake of chemicals, their potential for replacing fish as bioindicators in routine biomonitoring programmes is evident. In our study, the comparison between analysis of fish tissues and POCIS extracts from selected sampling sites confirms this idea about interchangeability of these indicators in the case of PFASs as target pollutants. Moreover, no metabolic transformation of contaminants present in water take place in passive samplers contrary to living organisms, thus these reflect the actual contamination at the locality more precisely. The use of passive samplers completely fulfils the internationally accepted principles of Replacement, Reduction, Refinement (the three R´s). Another promising approach using YOY fish as bioindicators was evaluated within the present study. Multispecies samples of YOY fish homogenate was found as a better indicator for wide range of pollutants than muscle tissue of adult fish within one species from the same locality. As all inner organs and tissues are presented in analysed samples, more target pollutants in higher concentrations are detected compared to the muscle of adults. Besides the higher sensitivity in pollutants detection and quantification, practical and economic benefits are of concern in the case of the YOY fish approach. The YOY fish approach also particularly fulfil the three R´s strategy, as sampling of this age group of fish has a smaller impact on the environment than the sampling of adults. In case of mercury, that was found as a limiting contaminant for the consumption of fish from open waters in the Czech Republic, a nonlethal method of finclips sampling can be used for the monitoring of this compound in aquatic environments. Besides the monitoring, our optimised method for the estimation of muscle tissue concentrations could be used for human health risk assessment as well. The difference between real muscle concentrations and concentrations estimated using our method differs less than 10% in most of the investigated localities. Benthic organisms are an important part of the food web in aquatic environments, but insufficient information about its contamination is available. In another study included in this thesis, first evidence about bioaccumulation of certain pharmaceuticals in benthic organisms was described. Although, pharmaceuticals are generally considered to be not accumulative in organisms, our study proved that certain pharmaceuticals have bioaccumulation potential. From this finding, it is evident that not only the concentrations of pharmaceutical dissolved in water but also the diet represents an important exposure pathway of contamination by these compounds for organisms (fish) inhabiting aquatic environments.
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Ability of specially trained dogs to detect human scent which was exposed to different weather conditions over a long period
Machová, Lucie ; Vyplelová, Petra (advisor) ; Jaroslav, Jaroslav (referee)
Survivability of human scent was observed by many scientists mainly in artificial conditions (Hudson et al., 2009; Santariová et al. 2012; Preti et al., 2006). Against this exists a few researches about survivability of human scent in nature conditions (King et al., 1964; Santariová et al., 2016).
On glass tubes were taken individual humant scent from 6 volunteers. Target scents were left outdoor during 2 different periods of year. Winter samples from 3 target people were outdoor from November to May and summer samples from other 3 people from May to December. Always after 3, 4, 5 a 6 months was taken scent from 1 glass tube of each target person. After last time period was taken scent from target people on cotton textile. Scent of other volunteer was taken at the same time for purpose scent deceptions.
Then was observed if dogs will be able to identify these samples corectly. Specially trained dogs on scent identification line-ups get sample from outdoor environment and they should choose the identical human scent from line of 6 samples (with 1 target and 5 deceptions).
The experiment showed, that dogs are able to identify winter samples in all time periods but are not able to identify summer samples in whatever time period. Time periods do not show any diference.
The biggest influence on quality change of individual human scent has intensity of sun radiation.
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