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Experimental and clinically used vaccines based on vaccinia virus
Pilná, Hana ; Mělková, Zora (advisor) ; Šroller, Vojtěch (referee)
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is an enveloped DNA virus belonging in the Orthopoxviridae genus. It is a laboratory virus in which the natural host and exact origin remain unclear. However it is of great significance for human kind. First of all, different VACV strains were used for preparation of vaccines used in the smallpox eradication campaign. Even today a significant effort is made to prepare more efficient and safer vaccines against smallpox, namely because of still remaining concerns that variola virus - causative agent of smallpox - could be misused as a biological weapon. Advances in genetic engineering allowed use of VACV for additional purposes, namely as a vaccination and expression vector. VACV enables insertion of large pieces of foreign DNA into its genome and expression of this DNA in a host. Furthermore VACV replicates exclusively in a cytoplasm, decreasing a risk of incorporation of the viral DNA into the host genome. These and other features make VACV an ideal candidate as a vector for preparation of recombinant vaccines against various infectious and oncological diseases. This thesis provides a summary of both clinically used and experimental vaccines derived from VACV. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Development of vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2
Janovec, Václav ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Pokorná, Dana (referee)
Porcine circovirus type 2 is a single stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. This virus is associated with many kinds of diseases in pigs and causes significant economic losses in swine-breeding. In this study, two approaches of vaccination were tested in order to develop an effective vaccine against PCV2. The first approach was to test DNA vaccines. For this purpose, eukaryotic expression plasmids encoding two form of PCV2 Cap protein were constructed. The expression plasmids encoding murine TNF-α and IFN-α1 were also prepared for co-immunization with antigen encoding plasmid to enhance the immune response. The second approach is based on the previous finding that chimeric pentamers of VP1 mouse polyomavirus capsid protein fused with PCV2 can induce protective immunity against PCV2. These chimeric pentamers were further modified by AA substitutions in PCV2 Cap immunodominant epitope in order to enhance protective antibody response directed against PCV2. The chimeric pentamers and DNA vaccines were tested for ability to induce antibody immune response against PCV2 in mice. The results showed that chimeric pentamers are more potent inducers of protective antibody immune response against PCV2 compared to DNA vaccines. However, the protective antibody...
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Inovation in influenza vaccines
Satoriová, Martina ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Motlová, Lucia (referee)
Influenza viruses annually infect 3 to 5 millions of people worldwide, cause annually many hospitalizations, 250 000-500 000 deaths and significant economical losses. The vaccines still remain the most efficient way of prevention of this infectious disease. Conventional egg- based vaccines are used for more than 60 years. Although they are safe, they have many disadvantages. Their main disadvantage is the relatively low effectiveness and time-limited induced immunity. The need for annually updates of their composition due to an antigenic variability of viral surface proteins can be considered a disadvantage as well. What is more, the dependence on an egg suply and a way too long time of preparation might be limiting in the case of pandemic. The development of an universal vaccine that would induce a broad imunne response against different strains of Influenza and longlasting protection is a worldwide priority.
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Fish Rhabdoviruses and its prevention
Satoriová, Martina ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Novák, Josef (referee)
The rise of aquaculture has been one of the most significant changes in global food production over the last 100 years. Driven by rising demand for seafood, the growth of population, the farming of aquatic animals has expanded rapidly to become a major global industry. A number of aquatic animal species is kept in high densities in freshwater, brackish and marine systems where they are exposed to a new environment and potentially new diseases. On-farm stresses may negatively affect their ability to defeat infection. Impefect farming practices often facilitate fast transmission of disease. Viral pathogens, whether they have been known for decades or whether they are newly emerging, are particularly challenging since there are few, if any, efficacious treatments. The development of effective viral vaccines for delivery in aquatic systems still remains almost elusive. This thesis reviews a few of the more significant Rhabdoviral pathogens of finfish, their impacts, their prevention and the protective immune mechanisms that fish mount in response to rhabdovirus infections.
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Immunotherapy of HPV16 - associated cancers and regulation of antitumour immune response
Štěpánek, Ivan ; Reiniš, Milan (advisor) ; Lipoldová, Marie (referee) ; Němečková, Šárka (referee)
The MHC class I status of tumour cells during immunotherapy is often underestimated. It represents one of important tumour escape mechanisms and thus can contribute to the failure of most of the cancer clinical trials that are usually based on the induction of cytotoxic T cell responses. Epigenetic changes in the promoters of genes involved in the MHC class I Ag presentation can result in decreased expression of the cell surface MHC molecules on tumour cells. Thus, epigenetic modifiers can restore an expression of the MHC class I molecules and make tumours visible to the CD8+ effector cells. Besides the epigenetic changes on the tumour cells, epigenetic modulators affect cells of the immune system such as dendritic cells (DC). Tumour cells can escape from the immune response not only by changes in the cancer cells, but also by influencing, expanding and/or activating immunoregulatory cell populations, such as regulatory T cells (Treg). This thesis focuses on the potential of the DC-based vaccines against HPV-16-associated tumours with a different MHC class I expression, on the combination of cancer immunotherapy with the treatment using epigenetic modifiers, with special attention paid to their effects on DC, and, finally, on the impacts of the anti-CD25 antibody (used for Treg elimination) on Treg and NKT...
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Assessment of Vaccination Coverage Against Influenza among Students of the University of South Bohemia in the České Budějovice
RUDKOVÁ, Eva
This thesis deals with the evaluation of vaccination against influenza among students of University of South Bohemia, their opinions and their approach to the issue of vaccination against influenza. The theoretical part is focused on historical, clinical, diagnostic, virological, immunological and epidemiological aspects of influenza vaccine development and vaccination against influenza. The aim of the practical part was to determine how widespread is influenza vaccination among students of University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, map their opinion on the vaccination and to assess their awareness regarding vaccination against influenza and influenza in general. For research purposes a questionnaire survey was distributed among students of the University of South Bohemia. The selection of respondents was conducted by stratified random selection so that it covered approximately 5% occupancy of each faculty. This research preceded a preliminary research to determine the suitability of the chosen method of data collection. As a data collection instrument was chosen the method of questioning by the form of questionnaires. Quota for the research was to study the respondents at the South Bohemian University and studied faculty. In total 468 questionnaires were evaluated. The results of the research shows that students of University of South Bohemia underestimate vaccination, and most of them have never been vaccinated against this disease. In spite of this is, the results show that the awareness of students is good and among faculties except the Faculty of Health and Social Care, there is not a significant difference. Faculty of Health and Social achieved in the overall awareness significantly higher result than other faculty. Thus confirming the hypothesis that there are differences between students' awareness of the Health and Social faculty and students of other faculties. The aim of this thesis is to alert students of the University of South Bohemia about the pros of influenza vaccination and increase their awareness in this area.
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Evaluation of prevention of travellers abroad
SÝKOROVÁ, Martina
The graduate dissertation {\clqq}The Evaluation of prevention of travellers going abroad" is concerned with the problems connected to travelling abroad into areas outside of Europe, where the travellers may be endangered by infectious diseases and other risks, which can be minimised by increased awareness and thorough observation of the recommended precautions.
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