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Transport of pharmaceuticals in soil systems
Janebová, Denisa ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
Drugs have a negative effect on nature. If they do not degrade in wastewater treatment plants, they can contaminate lakes, rivers and even drinking water. However, the soil contains soil organic matter, which has chelating properties and can prevent the migration of the drug. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to map the transport of the selected drug in the soil column and try to determine its diffusivity. Sulfapyridine was chosen for transport. Sulfapyridine belongs to a group of sulfonamide antibiotics that are often detected in the environment. It is mainly used in veterinary medicine to treat various infections. The partial goal was to describe the basic properties of the soil depending on the depth of the soil layer. The drug concentration profile in the soil column was determined by UVVIS spectrometry in soil extracts. The following reagents were used for leaching: distilled water, as a pure solvent without the presence of other substances, tap water as a model reagent replacing the soil solution and magnesium chloride solution, which is used for soil extracts of freely moving and ionically bound substances in the soil.
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Development of methods for fast soil analysis
Křivánková, Zuzana ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Kučerík, Jiří (advisor)
The submitted diploma thesis aims to extend the use of thermogravimetry for the analysis of organic C and total N contents in soils. The advantages of thermogravimetry in comparison to conventional analytical methods are that it is a versatile technique that provides fast analysis, does not require sample pretreatment and chemicals– and can be used for the analysis of various soil types. The research work performed so far showed correlations between thermogravimetric data and some soil properties. In the past, intact soils exposed to 76% relative humidity (RH) were analyzed by thermogravimetry for these purposes. However, this humidity is problematic to achieve and maintain for most thermogravimeters. Recent work has shown that correlations can be observed in agricultural land exposed to lower RH. Therefore, it can be assumed that a correlation between TG data exists in soils exposed to any RH. TG could then be used to analyze soil properties under any known RH conditions. The aim of this work was to verify this hypothesis and try to incorporate knowledge of RH into the relationships between TG and soil properties. For this reason, intact soils exposed to the relative humidity of 30, 55, and 76% were analyzed in this work. It was demonstrated the dependence between organic C content and mass loss between 320 and 330°C as well as total nitrogen content and mass loss between 410 and 420°C independently of relative humidity. Based on that knowledge, we have derived equations enabling determination of the content of organic C and total N for RH ranging 43% - 76% using mass losses and knowledge of RH. Nevertheless, due to the low number of tested RH, the equations are still only preliminary and need to be improved by analyzing soil samples at a larger number of RH.
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Influence of different forms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on soil organic matter properties
Miklasová, Marta ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Kučerík, Jiří (advisor)
Nanoparticles present potential risk for environmental compartments including soil. Previous works have been focused on negative effects of nanoparticles on soil biota, however studies about the influence of nanoparticles on soil properties are still limited. This thesis investigates an impact of 20 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles on selected water properties in soil organic matter exposed to air with various relative humidity. Indeed, at 43, 70 and 95 % dominate different water types, i.e. water adsorbed on soil organic matter, water in water molecular bridges and phase water, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used in the study. An important finding is that nanoparticles reduce the stability of water molecular bridges under 70% relative air humidity and generally reduce evaporation enthalpy of water, which represents the ability of the soil to retain water. In the next part the influence of nanoparticles on total water in soil was observed. Under low relative humidity, rutile and anatase affected soil in different ways due to their various hydrophilicity. Under higher relative humidity this effect disappeared. In the last part, ice melting and water evaporation enthalpies of nanoparticle solutions were measured to confirm the presumed effect of nanoparticles on water. The ice melting enthalpy of the solutions was higher relatively to pure water, while the evaporation enthalpy showed a reverse trend (decrease). This confirmed the effects of nanoparticles both for pure water and soil water.
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Assessment health/quality of the soil near the village Bohaté Málkovice
Suchá, Kateřina ; Doležal, Petr (referee) ; Kameníčková, Ivana (advisor)
Diploma thesis evaluates quality and healthiness of the soil health located close to Bohate Malkovice focusing on changes in both physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in time. The theoretical part describes physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the soil. Selected physical parameters are structure, texture, determination of measured weight, bulk density of the soil, porosity, actual volumetric water content of the soil, aeration, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, infiltration, and colour. Chosen chemical parameters are pH, carbonates, soil electrical conductivity, and humus content. Picked biological parameters are microbial biomass, respiration, nitrogen content, and weed infestation. The practical part analyses selected indicators of quality of the soil from the location of the experiment close to Bohate Malkovice. The area under evaluation has been treated using reduced tillage for long term. The practical part is based on the laboratory examination of disturbed and undisturbed soil samples taken between years 2016 and 2018. Based on outcome results we can evaluate the quality of the soil considering plants growth, development, and soil fertility.
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Comparison of two methods of soil organic matter fractionantion
Fryčová, Kateřina ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Borůvka, Luboš (referee)
Comparison of two different soil organic matter fractionation methods Soil organic matter (SOM) significantly affects physical, chemical and biological properties of soils and plays also a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. In order to simulate SOM dynamics a number of mathematical models have been developed. These models divide SOM into several theoretical pools according to their stability. Unfortunately, lacking experimental procedure which could measure these pools directly, although for this purpose a wide range of fractionation procedures were developed, that are trying identified empirical fractions with theoretical model pools. An objective of this experiment was to reproduce two fractionation procedures on a set of twenty-seven laboratory-prepared samples: according to Six and according to Zimmermann and to compare their results. Also the relationship between respiration and the amount of carbon in different pools was compared. The most significant differences were found in active pools, where Six's method found twice as much carbon than Zimmermann's one. Finally response of both method results to various environmental parameters (mineral composition, litter type and soil mixing) was compared. According to the results of Zimmermann's method the amount of carbon in different pools was mainly...
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Effect of species composition change of forests on the quality of litter and derived soil organic matter
Roblíková, Věra ; Jandová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Bartuška, Martin (referee)
Climate change will alter the species composition of forests, which will cause changes in litter amounts and quality and potentially affect the carbon content and its stability in forest soils. With the knowledge of inputs to the biogeochemical carbon cycle, we can design methods of forest management and effectively mitigate climate change with forest cover. The aim of this thesis is to summarize information about i) change in species composition of temperate forests in Europe and the Czech Republic, ii) differences in litter amount and quality, iii) effect of litter quality on the stability of carbon in soils. I propose a master's thesis with an observational and experimental investigation of forest species change's effect on carbon content in soils. Climate change will shift species ranges northward and to higher altitudes. While species do not differ in the production of above-ground litter, they differ in the quality of above-ground litter and the quantity and quality of below-ground litter. The rate of decomposition is affected by the litter quality of tree species. Through their effect on the fauna, tree species affect the amount of carbon stored in the mineral horizon. However, the effect of litter quality on carbon stability in mineral horizons is unknown, in terms of both the density fractions of...
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Mobility of pharmaceuticals in soil systems
Slaninová, Kristína ; Širůček, David (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
As a result of improper disposal, pharmaceuticals from households, industry or hospitals are discharged into the environment. Another source through which pharmaceuticals enter the environment is the fertilization of the soil with organic fertilizers or other natural fertilizers containing animal excreta. Medications penetrate into the environment through sewage, entering wastewater, groundwater, surface water, drinking water, and soil, posing an environmental threat. Chelating properties of the organic component of soil could potentially be a solution to the problem of medication presence in soil by preventing migration of the medication. Sulfathiazole is among the group of medications frequently detected in the environment. Sulfathiazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic primarily used in veterinary medicine. The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to determine the concentration profile of sulfathiazole in the soil column and to identify its diffusion coefficients. The thesis also includes a study of the sorption and desorption of sulfathiazole in soil.
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Hodnocení půdní organické hmoty ve vzorcích půd s odlišným managementem porostu
KOBLIC, Štěpán
The quality and quantity of soil organic matter and total organic carbon content are essential factors that significantly influence soil properties. This work focuses on evaluating soil organic matter in soil samples with different vegetation management. Concepts that are important for understanding the given topic are described in the literature review. The practical part deals with the application of mycoparasitic and entomopathogenic fungi and lactic acid bacteria to seeds and leaves (variants O1-O9) and the regular collection of soil samples on experimental plots in Zvíkov near České Budějovice. The collected samples were analyzed in the laboratory and statistically evaluated in terms of the phase of soil sampling (before sowing, during vegetation and at harvest) and management variants. The results showed that the treatment of common pea and white lupine with entomopathogenic fungi and lactic acid bacteria in ecologically managed farms affected the carbon management index, the carbon lability index, the carbon enrichment ratio, the rate of oxidation of labile organic matter and consequently, the organic matter reserves in the soil.
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Quantification of the Influence of Biochar on Soil Respiration
Losová, Anežka ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Kalina, Michal (advisor)
This master‘s thesis is focused on the investigation of methods for evaluating the effect of biochar and NPK fertilizer on the activity of soil microorganisms by measuring soil respiration. The theoretical part describes the characteristics of soil, the properties of biochar and its production process. Furthermore, the literature research was focused on the definition and optimization of the various methodologies that can be used to measure soil respiration. The experimental part describes selected physicochemical characteristics of soil and biochar (pH, conductivity, water retention capacity). Thermogravimetric analysis and elemental analysis were used for measuring of the amount of organic and inorganic content and the composition of organic elements (C, H, O and N) in the soil and biochar samples. From the literature research, a dynamic incubation system was chosen for monitoring of the influence of biochar application on the microbial activity of soil microorganisms through the measurement of soil respiration. The produced carbon dioxide was sorbed into sodium hydroxide solution during the incubation and the released amount was determined by titration and conductometric method. The measured results of both methods correlated with each other, and both of these methods are suitable for determining the rate of soil respiration. Experimental data showed that biochar had positive effects on the rate of carbon dioxide production by soil respiration. The combined application of biochar and NPK fertilizer did not significantly increase the efficiency of biochar. In summary, biochar as a soil conditioner in agriculture has great potential to act and to support the level of soil respiration.
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Interactions of pharmaceuticals with fulvic acids – calorimetric study
Papko, Nadezhda ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na studium interakcí mezi půdní organickou hmotou a vybranými léky pomocí izotermické titrační kalorimetrie. V rámci experimentu byly použity tři fulvinové kyseliny a léky: ibuprofen, diclofenac a sulfapyridine. Vybrané léky a fulvinové kyseliny byly rozpouštěné v roztocích NaCl a MgCl2, jelikož kovové ionty jsou přítomny v organickém materiálu půdy. Mobilita léčiv závisí na sorpci, což je interakce mezi léčivy a půdními částicemi. Faktory ovlivňující sorpční chování zahrnují vlastnosti léčiv, půdy a enviromentální podmínky. Během bakalářské práce podražilo optimalizovat metodu ITC pro daný studiu, což usnadnilo experimentální práce a zlepšilo vyhodnocení dat. Pomocí metody byli stanovené tepelné efekty (naměřené a porovnané) interakcí mezi fulvinovými kyselinami a léky.
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