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Analýza rozměrů tracheid smrku rostoucího v různých nadmořských výškách
Juščáková, Anastázie
Bachelor thesis deals with the analysis of the tracheid dimensions Norway spruce growing at different altitudes. Three sample trees with different dendrometric parameters were selected from each study site – Rovná (400 m a.s.l.) and Vidly (800 m a.s.l.) in 2016. The microscopic preparation on which the tree rings from 2013 to 2015 were evaluated were prepared from the removed stem discs samples. The tracheid lumen area, tracheid lumen length, tracheid lumen width and tracheid length were analyzed on microscopic preparations. The number of tracheids in the tree ring in spruce stand growing at higher altitude (Vidly study site) was higher than in spruce stand growing at lower altitude (Rovná study site). It was confirmed that the tree with higher dendrometric dimensions has an average higher tracheid values than a tree with dendrometric smaller dimensions from same stand. It was not confirmed that with the increasing age of annual rings, the individual dimensions of the tracheids are increasing.
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Response of forest succession to agricultural land-abandonment in the Giant Mountains
Dobíhal, Michal ; Treml, Václav (advisor) ; Chuman, Tomáš (referee)
Response of forest succession to agricultural land-abandonment in the Giant Mountains ABSTRACT: Since the end of the 19th century, there is undergoing process of land-abandonment of mountain meadows and pastures in most of the European mountains, including the Giant Mountains. Mountain agriculture in the Giant Mountains was terminated no later than before World War II. Abandoned meadows were then subjected to secondary forest succession. The question is, how fast was this succession and how was its dynamics. My research was focused on 4 areas of interest, located in the vicinity of former mountain huts. Methods applied included the analysis of historical maps and aerial photographs and dendrochronological research of age structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. The aim of this thesis was to find out the extent of mountain agriculture near the huts and the dynamics of forest succession following land abandonment. Main peaks of seedlings establishment were observed in a very short time (10 - 20 years) following termination of mountain agriculture and in most cases these peaks were further followed by one or two more weaker peaks in the later periods. These peaks became evident in the change maps of forest development with approximately 20 years delay. Forest succession was moving gradually from the...
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MONITORING OF DEFOLIATION USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Prokopec, Karel ; Kolář, Jan (advisor) ; Fabiánek, Petr (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is a proposal of a methodology used for an assessment of the measure of defoliation based on the multispectral satellite images from missions Landsat and Sentinel-2. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the introduction of the problematics of remote sensing using multispectral sensors and the basics of research into forest vegetation. Following on this part, there is a chapter considering possibilities of monitoring defoliation using resources of remote sensing, and the closely connected problematics of the health condition of forest vegetation. After that comes a description of the used data (the satellite images and the data of ground investigation by VÚLHM) and logically compounded process of transformation of the data from satellite images on the levels of defoliation. Outcomes of the thesis include analysis of the ability of single spectral bands and vegetation indices to predict defoliation of Norway spurce (Picea abeis) and Scots pine (Pius sylvestris) vegetation. The assessment of the measure of defoliation is demonstrated on single band in near-infrared region with used of linear regression model.
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Assessment of lignin content in needles of Norway Spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) using laboratory and image spectroscopy
Suchá, Renáta ; Kupková, Lucie (advisor) ; Brodský, Lukáš (referee)
The master thesis deals with determination of selected biochemicals (lignin, carotenoids, water) content in Norway spruce needles using laboratory and imaging spectroscopy. The first part of thesis summarizes literature dealing with methods of estimating lignin and other biochemicals content. Three types of data are used in this thesis: 1. spectra measured by contact probe and ASD FieldSpec 4 Wide Res spectroradiometer, 2. spectra measured by integrating sphere and spectroradiometer and 3. aerial hyperspectral image data acquired by APEX sensor. The most useful transformation methods - first derivative and continuum removal are applied to the spectrum. Further the linear relationship between measured spectrum and content of biochemicals is analysed. Stepwise multiple linear regression is applied to select suitable wavelengths for modeling of biochemicals content in spruce needles. The model is also calculated and applied on the level of image hyperspectral data. Maps of lignin content in Norway spruce are the final output of these part of this. Next part of the thesis compares spectra measured by contact probe and spectra measured by integrating sphere. Diffrerence between the studied areas based on biochemicals content in spruce needles and several chemical elements in the soil and based on...
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Fungi associated with tree roots
Charvátová, Markéta ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
In contrast to the bulk soil environment, plant roots represent a habitat with higher nutrient availability due to the supply of photosynthesis-derived C-containing compounds. The roots thus support the life of various microorganisms that use such compounds, but the root-associated microbes in the same time may face a limitation in N and P availability. Unlike bacteria, many filamentous fungi are able to transport these compounds from soil and their mycelia thus typically extend into this environment. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are a typical example of this nutrition strategy. Tree roots produce exudates, that differ in thein composition for each species and they can also differ among individuals. It causes a high diversity of root-associated fungi. Soil is also inhabited by parasitic and saprotrophic fungi. Composition and activity of microbial communisies in the rhizosphere differ from the bulk soil. This work points at the differences of the rhizosphere and builk soil, the importance mycorrhizal fungi and it presents an overview of fungal species that have been found on the roots of spruce - Picea abies. Key words: fungi, mycorrhiza, soil, rhizosphere, Picea abies
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Surface ozone as a factor of oxidative stress in mountain forests.
Bendáková, Hana ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Matoušková, Leona (referee)
This study presents mountain forest Norway spruce (Picea abies) injured by surface ozone and oxidative stress. Norway spruce is not a sensitive species but it is the most representative tree in our country and this is the reason to pay attention on its injury. Study was connected to the ozone measurement by CHMI in Jizerske mountains. Aim of our study was to find influence of surface ozone on the forest and show correlation between ozone concentrations, altitude and Norway spruce injury. Ozone concentrations are growing with the altitude. Increasing percentage of injury with growing concentrations and altitude was expected. Needles were collected at the altitude 750-1100 meters. Collected needle years were 2006, 2007 and 2009. The 2009 year was not evaluated because no symptoms were found. Injury was observed on the maroscopical, microscopical and biochemical level. Visual injury was assessed by percentage of injured needle surface by chlorosis and necrosis. Microscopical analysis studied injury on cross and longitudinal sections of needles. On the longitudinal sections were visible typically bone-cells. These cells have lost its shape by ozone stress and were narrowed in its width. Bone-cells were best visible near the stomata. Four symptoms were observed on the cross sections: tannin...
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Vliv různého typu poškození stromu na obsah nestrukturálních sacharidů u smrku ztepilého
Holasová, Veronika
The aim of the thesis was to investigate concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (soluble saccharides and starch) in various organs of damaged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees. The damages of trees were girdling, xylem disruption, cutting off the roots and inoculation by Armillaria sp. The samples of the roots, xylem, bark with phloem and needles were collected in September 2013 and 2014. There were statistically significant differences in starch concentration in needles collected in September 2013; high starch concentrations were detected in girdled trees, while the lowest values achieved trees with xylem disruption. Another significant divergence was found in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in needles collected in September 2014; the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the control trees was significantly higher than in trees with cut roots. Other differences in the concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates variously damaged trees and control trees were not statistically significant. Given the number of factors affecting the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates -- especially financial and time factors -- they are not suitable as a simple and reliable indicator of tree vitality. However the data provide a deeper insight into the tree functioning after the damage. Inclusion of this information into the process based models will help to more accurate predictions of tree mortality.
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Porovnání hmotnostních úbytků zdravého a mikrovlnně ošetřeného dřeva napadeného dřevomorkou domácí
Hess, Dominik
The bachelor thesis presents a comparison of mass loss and moisture content of samples from Norway spruce (Picea abies), that were dried by different proces -- natural air drying and microwave drying.. All of samples were degraded by wood-destroying brown rot fungi -- Serpula lacrymans -- in the range from two to twelve weeks. Measurements were made every fourteen days. At the end of experiment several samples were selected for the production of microscopical slides, on which one can observe the progressive degradation of the cell wall of spruce wood. The measurements show that the use of microwaves radiation output of 2 kW has a minimal influence on the fungi spread rate and wood degradation. The highest difference was measured after eight weeks, the average mass loss of microwave dried samples was 25.41%, while in natural dried samples only 23.54%.
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