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Rezistence bázlivce kukuřičného k vybraným účinným látkám insekticidů
Tobek, František
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the resistance of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte 1858) to selected active ingredients of insecticides in 2022. The tested active ingredients were lambda-cyhalothrin and indoxacarb according to IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) testing methodology No. 011 and No. 027 (adult vial test). Different concentrations of active ingredients were applied, their percentage efficacy, lethal doses and degree of resistance of the population were statistically evaluated by the Polo Plus 2.0 programme. Based on the results, it was found that western corn rootworm populations are susceptible or moderately resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin. A large variability in the sensitivity of individual populations has been demonstrated for indoxacarb. There were highly susceptible populations, but also moderately resistant to this ingredient. Currently, only active ingredients from the pyrethroid group are allowed in the Czech Republic, therefore the use of indoxacarb is not possible. Repeated use of the same active ingredients leads to the selection of resistant populations.
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Rezistence škůdců obilnin z řádu brouků k vybraným insekticidům
Gerla, Martin
Diploma thesis about a resistance of insect pests of cereals from order bugs against individ-ual insecticides is focused on resistance of western corn root worm (Diabrotica virgifera vir-gifera LeConte, 1868) against individual active ingredients. As active ingredients have been chosen lambda-cyhalothrin (from group of pyrethroids) and indoxacarb (from group of oxadiazines). Collecting of adult bugs happened in seven locations of Jihomoravský kraj on field with corn (Zea mays) in 2022. The testing of resistance has been done regarding methods of IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) number 11 and 27. These methods are also known as an adult vial test. Laboratory efficacy, level of resistance and lethal doses have been assessed by Polo Plus 2. 0. programme. Mostly, highly susceptible and susceptible populations have been found against indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin. The only exception was found in Velké Bílovice, where has been found a population with medium resistance against active ingredient lamda-cyhalothrin.
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Antibiotická rezistence patogenních bakterií u vybraných druhů zájmových zvířat
Kaliská, Tereza
Some strains of pathogenic bacteria are capable of resistance to antibacterial agents. This resistance makes it difficult to treat diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. The most well-known pathogens of domestic animals, mainly dogs and cats, are mentioned in the context of the bachelor thesis. The thesis highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of resistance. It describes mobile elements, the principle of efflux pumps and spontaneous chromosomal mutations. Prevention should be the basis for preventing resistance from spreading further in the population. The observance of good hygiene habits, the appropriate use of antibiotics in the correct dosage and legislative adjustments on agricultural farms should be implemented on a global scale. The development of antimicrobial substances, including chemotherapeutics, should continue. At the same time, more empha-sis should be placed on the search for new alternatives. Mainly plant phytobiotics look promising.
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Dealing with Gender-based violence at Universities : an example from the Faculty of Law of Charles University
Andreska, Zuzana ; Friedel, Tomáš (advisor) ; Ondřejková, Jana (referee)
This thesis deals with the issue of addressing gender-based violence in the academic environment at the institutional level as an emerging agenda of university administration. Gender-based violence takes various forms, ranging from normalized verbal expressions based on gender stereotypes (psychological violence), gender-based discrimination (economic violence), sexual harassment to sexual coercion or rape (sexualized violence). As such, gender-based violence constitutes an obstacle to the fulfilment of the functions of universities and has an increased negative impact on access to education for marginalised groups of students. Using a case study method, this paper examines what solutions to gender-based violence have been adopted at the Faculty of Law of Charles University as of June 2022 and how the institutional solutions are reflected by those involved in their development. The theoretical contribution of the analysis of the process of institutional norm creation through the perspective of socio-legal studies and feminist critique of law lies in the identification of several types of resistances to fulfilling the obligation to create a safe learning and working environment by regulating gender-based violence as a type of undesirable social behaviour through internal regulations. These are...
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Comparative study of Trichomonas vaginalis strains with various level of metronidazole resistance
Havelka, Michal ; Tachezy, Jan (advisor) ; Kopáček, Petr (referee)
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic protozoan that causes the human disease trichomoniasis. The most commonly used drug against trichomoniasis is metronidazole. Metronidazole is highly effective, yet in some cases T. vaginalis is resistant to this drug. In T. vaginalis, we distinguish resistance to metronidazole into two types based on the conditions in which it occurs, aerobic and anaerobic resistance. Both types of resistance are associated with changes in the physiology of the parasite. The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in hydrogenosome and cytosol associated with metronidazole resistance at the proteome level in aerobically resistant clinical isolates, the aerobically resistant line MR3 and the anaerobically resistant line MR100. A further aim of this work was to characterize the function of hybrid- cluster protein and to clarify its role in resistance to metronidazole since its production is more abundant in both aerobically and anaerobically resistant T. vaginalis. This work contributed to identification of several potential proteins that could play a role in the development of metronidazole resistance and established a foothold for further metabolomic and biochemical studies of metronidazole resistant T.vaginalis.
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Metronidazole resistence in clinical cases of giardiasis.
Perglerová, Aneta ; Tůmová, Pavla (advisor) ; Uzlíková, Magdalena (referee)
Metronidazole (MTZ) targets a spectrum of anaerobic pathogens ranging from bacteria to eukaryotic parasites, including the protist Giardia intestinalis (Metamonada). Despite the long time and widespread use of MTZ, understanding giardiasis treatment failure (G-TF) is incomplete. Most of the knowledge was gained on laboratory-generated resistant lines or on clinical lines without data on the treatment outcome. In cooperation with Bulovka University Hospital in Prague, 70 giardiasis cases were followed between 2020-2023, of which 25.7% exhibited the G-TF. Giardia genotyping revealed that G-TF cases belonged to the same genetic group (assemblage B, mainly BIII); and G-TF cases were all imported, out of which 60% were from returning travellers from India. To test the hypothesis that resistance is genetically determined/associated with a transmissible genotype, genetic polymorphisms shared in Giardia G-TF samples in a set of genes involved in MTZ metabolism and detoxifications (NR1, NR2, prx1, hmp) were examined. The analysis revealed amino acid substitutions (K42E, K139R) in NR2 isolates of G-TF patients, which might affect protein structure. Also, a gene dosage effect as drug resistance co-variant/cause due to gene duplications or deletions of the hmp gene was tested. Results from dPCR revealed that...
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CHARACTERIZATION OF GILTERITINIB-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELL LINE
Zlesáková, Lucie ; Čečková, Martina (advisor) ; Červený, Lukáš (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Lucie Zlesáková Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Martina Čečková, Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Simona Suchá, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Characterization of gilteritinib-resistant leukemic cell line Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis for which therapy failure is often responsible. Development of drug resistance is among the most common causes of treatment failure. The exact mechanisms leading to the resistance are not known, especially for drugs recently introduced into the clinical practice such as gilteritinib. Therefore, the gilteritinib-resistant leukemic cell line (referred to as HL-60 g75) has been established in our lab and further characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of HL-60 g75 cells to gilteritinib and to clarify the stability of acquired resistance. We revealed that the resistance of HL-60 g75 cells is transient, since only after 4 weeks of gilteritinib-free cell culture, sensitivity of these cells was restored. While gilteritinib induced apoptosis similarly in both gilteritinib-sensitive (HL-60 wt) and -resistant cells, cell cycle analysis revealed lower responsiveness of HL-60 g75 to gilteritinib than HL-60 wt....
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Influence of avian Plasmodium on their hosts
Dulavová, Kristýna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Vinkler, Michal (referee)
Avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium are unicellular (and intracellular) protozoans of the group Haemospororida, using a blood-sucking insect (mosquito) as a vector and a bird as a vertebrate host. The effects of this disease, together with avian pox, have greatly influenced endemic populations of Hawaiian birds after introduction of a suitable vector to the islands by a human hand, leading to a drastic extinction of bird species; most of the remaining Hawaiian endemic species are now endangered. Apart from that, avian malaria is distributed nearly all over the world, infecting a variety of different hosts. This thesis is focused on the influence of avian malaria parasites mainly on their avian hosts. The most severe patologies caused by Plasmodium are associated with blood stages causing serious anemia in birds. More pathologies are connected with exoerythrocytic stages in the endothelial cells in various organs and are accompanied with external signs such as lethargy, respiratory distress, weakness, inappetence, sometimes weight loss and so on; different plasmodium species-bird host combinations have different outcomes. An interesting issue is the emerging tolerance against avian malaria in Hawaii Amakihi (Hemignathus virens), a species occupying low elevation areas of Hawaiian...
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Mycobacterial resistance against currently used antimycobacterial drugs
Lanková, Markéta ; Janďourek, Ondřej (advisor) ; Konečná, Klára (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Study programme: Pharmacy Candidate: Markéta Lanková Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Mycobacterial resistance against currently used antimycobacterial drugs Keywords: Mycobacteria, Mycobacterioses, Resistance, Antimycobacterials, Microdilution broth method, Minimum inhibition concentration The successful treatment of mycobacterial diseases is nowadays often confronted with the declining effect of antituberculotics and other antimicrobial agents, which are often used in the therapy of mycobacterial diseases. The goal of the theoretical part of the thesis was to focus on a comprehensive assessment of the issue of resistance to the current therapeutics used in the fight against resistant mycobacterial strains, to summarize the basic characteristics of the genus Mycobacterium, to address resistant TBC and NTM, and to describe the mechanisms of action and resistance known so far for individual therapeutics, which are often interrelated. The emergence of highly resistant mycobacterial strains is constantly increasing the risk of serious, life-threatening infections. The mechanisms of resistance either arise from the natural properties of the cell or develop gradually as a result of external stimuli, which is...
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Changes in gene expression under simulated drought stress in opium poppy
KOSŤOVÁ, Natálie
This work summarizes findings in the field of general mechanisms of plant response to drought at the gene level, stress response and resistance in plants. The work is focused on poppy plants. It focuses on the optimization of the method for laboratory testing of drought stress in poppy and subsequently on the validation of this method on a variable collection of genotype sources. The optimized methodology is then used to verify selected stress genes using the real-time PCR method. As a result, different germination rates were found for the different varieties at different stress levels. For selected stress genes, their relative gene expression was determined under different levels of drought stress.
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