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Evaluation of patient dose in mammography
Polášková, Markéta ; Sekora, Jiří (referee) ; Kolářová, Jana (advisor)
Breast cancer presents serious epidemiological problem, in result of which die more than 2 000 czech women every year. Screening mammography is one of the most expanded and most effective examinations for early detection of this desease but one has to take into account an inconsiderable risk connected with the procedure based on X-ray ionizing radiation. This diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the dose absorbed by the tissue. It contains the description of evaluation of the average dose in glandular tissue on PMMA phantom, as well as results of the measurements on conventional and digital mammograph. A data file with exposure parameters from mammography screening is included and interpreted. Also the Monte Carlo method was used for the dose evaluation, the thesis contains the brief description of the method, concept of analysis model in mammography and results of simulations.
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Cooperation radiology assistant in informing women about bresat cancer adverse effects of radiotherapy at the Hospital Znojmo
ZÁVĚRKOVÁ, Vladislava
Breast carcinoma is the most common type of cancer in Czech Republic at the female population. One of the basic therapies in the area of oncological diagnosis and the breast carcinoma is radiotherapy. The side effects of this kind of method can be acute and chronic. The most common side effects are erythema or changes on the mucosa at the radiated area which can be divided into different severity levels and are classified according to the valid EGOG criteria. The target of the work is to classify the level of knowledge of possible side effects of radiotherapy (acute or late effects) and precautions leading to ease acute post radiation reaction among breast carcinoma sick women. The work method is to create a questionnaire which is distributed to women who are in therapy in the hospital of Znojmo. Research survey was conceived as quantitative survey. The result if this survey is that the level of knowledge of the interviewees is satisfying. The target and research was fulfilled. The bachelor work serves mostly as a resource of information for leadership of the radiological department of oncology and about the level of patients' knowledge irradiated in this department.
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IntactTM BLES (breast lesion excision system) and the radiology assistant role in the introducing new instruments into the practice
NEDVĚDOVÁ, Michaela
The Intact BLES (Breast Lesion Excision System) system is a new radiological method belonging to the area of radiological intervention on the female mammary gland generally called mammotome. These performances in radiology belong to the most modern and their development has been observed during the last 10 years. Mammotome primary task is to obtain larger representative tissue samples from suspicious location in the breast while there are 15 tissue samples taken in average. After about 10 years we proceed from this type of repeated simple mechanical tissue removal, even in the presence of vacuum, to a new mammotome method. This is a simple one-time tissue removal using radiofrequency energy. Also this process uses a vacuum, although in this case vacuum is only used for gases and liquids extraction from the location immediately adjacent to the sampling area and thereby to retain the correct parameters during cauterization. Compared to the older type of performance that takes a much shorter time and is much better tolerated by patients. But the greatest advantage of this method is the possibility to capture the whole breast lesion up to diameter 2 cm bearing size. Bachelor thesis contain a detailed description of the new methods and radiology assistant tasks, breast interventions statistical data from the archive MOÚ (Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute) and also data from the regular interventional breast examinations, which are a common radiology assistant work. Drawing up these bachelor thesis there were also Czech and foreign literature resources, scientific publications and magazines including Internet sources used. I was looking up for primarily technical specifics and partly physical laws relating to the new device IntactTM BLES. The study included women examined in Brno Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute in the period of February 2012 - July 2012, which were diagnosed suspicious discovery with subsequent recommendations for its mammotome removal.
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Development of the mammographic screening in the Czech Republic
KREJČÍ, Klára
Nowadays the most common cancer among women in the Czech Republic is represented by malignant tumour in breast. The nationwide mammographic screening programme was officially introduced in the Czech Republic in September 2002 and it is based on regular and preventive mammographic screening to women in order to detect early any neoplastic disease even in cases when women do not have any symptoms or difficulties. The main aim of the mammographic screening is to confirm or to disprove malignancy and if the malignancy is detected then to make sure that it is in the earliest stage. The thesis focuses on the development of the mammographic screening in the Czech Republic but it also pursue the number of mammographic screenings to number of recording of carcinoma no matter whether it is about the whole number of recorded carcinoma or the number of carcinoma in terms of mammographic screening and also in number of private patience. The first aim of the thesis was to find out which doctor often sends their patients to mammographic screening whether it is a general practitioner of a gynaecologist. These data were found out from the Mammographic screening Centre in Havlíčkův Brod. The second aim was to analyse the most frequent reason of patients, who requested the screening themselves. To collect the data it was done by a questionnaire method which answered sixty women. Thirty of them answered it in a clinic Medipoint Ltd and other thirty of them in the Mammographic screening Centre Havlíčkův Brod. The questionnaire was done by women younger than 40 years old who were tested for the ultrasound screening as by women over 40 years old who were tested for the mammographic screening. The information filled in this questionnaire included the date, the region they are from, age, and the reason why they came privately for the mammographic or ultraviolet screening. The hypothesis, that the number of mammographic screening requested by private patients is increasing, was confirmed due to the collected data from the Mammographic screening Centre in Havlíčkův Brod. As a result from the research we can see that since 2002, when the mammographic screening programme began nationwide, has been an enormous progress in the mammographic screening in the Czech Republic. Nowadays more women request to be tested for the mammographic screening in spite of the rising incidence of the cancer the mortality remains stable. This proves that this mammographic screening programme has a positive effect on the prevention of this illness.
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Imaging in the diagnosis of mammary gland
RADOVÁ, Kateřina
My bachelor thesis deals with the issue of the disease of the mammary gland. Breast cancer is among the most frequent malignant neoplasm affecting mainly women. It need not be each time a carcinoma, also benign lesions are possible and may occur. The target of my thesis is the analysis and comparison of displaying methods used during the breast diagnostics in radiology and their analysis from the viewpoint of the task of the radiological assistant. I suppose that the mammography has an un-replaceable role in the diagnostics of mammary gland making high demands especially on the preciseness of the work of the radiological assistant. For the purpose of diagnosis specification also a sono-graphic examination of breast is applied quite often, including biopsy performance. The more and more frequently used method of breast examination, magnetic resonance, is the technically most demanding method for the radiological assistant. The base of my thesis was the spectrum of displaying methods used at the Radiological Ward of the Hospital of Písek and work with the complex of patients examined at this ward, where I have been working as a general nurse so far. I compare and process statistically individual methods. The result of my thesis is confirming the hypothesis that in mammo-diagnostics, the main and hitherto not replaceable role has the mammography which is, in most cases, the first method showing the pathological changes in the breast tissue. The mammo-graphic examination is supplemented in some cases by the examination of the breast by the ultrasound, including the bioptical examination. Thanks to the quick technical development of the medical equipment, the pathological finding in the breast is, more and more frequently clarified also by the method of the magnetic resonance. By elaborating my thesis I made up the survey of possibilities of displaying technology and I specified the role of the radiological assistant in mammo-diagnostics. The experience acquired with a specific group of women with the disease of the mammary gland may be applied practically also at other workplaces dealing with the same problem.
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Women´s awareness about mammographic examinations in the South Moravian region
MICHNOVÁ, Lenka
One of the aims of the bachelor?s thesis was to survey the awareness of women about the mammographic examination. Since 2002 the organized preventive scheme of active search for breast carcinoma has been under way. Breast carcinoma is a serious condition that affects women from a very young age. However, it is very well treatable if caught early. Many women have already undergone the mammographic examination. This is why a survey was carried out on the awareness of women about this procedure. The data necessary for the bachelor?s thesis were gathered by means of a quantitative survey. Questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaires were voluntary and anonymous, aimed at female patients in selected hospitals in the South Moravia region (Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno, University Hospital Brno, Hospital Břeclav, and Hospital Kyjov). Women over 18 years of age could participate in the survey, regardless if they were going for their first or repeated examination. The total number of questionnaires handed out was 120, 110 were returned. The survey took place in July and August 2010. Three main objectives and three hypotheses were defined. The first objective was to survey the awareness of women going for a mammographic examination. The objective was achieved. The second objective was to inform and prepare the patients for further procedures if a malign tumour was found. This objective was achieved as well. The third objective was to specify the differences in the awareness of women between the individual hospitals in the South Moravia region, and it was achieved as well. The first hypothesis, that the awareness of women in hospitals is sufficient, was confirmed. The second hypothesis, that the patients are fully informed and ready for next procedures if a malign tumour is found, was also confirmed. And the last hypothesis, that the awareness of women differs between individual hospitals, was confirmed as well. The issue of the female patients? awareness prior to mammographic examination remains very important. As the current legislation states that the patient must be instructed about the examination it is necessary to make sure the patients have enough time and space to evaluate the provided information and to ask questions if necessary.
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Quality of mammographic images and mammographic projections
VOSTŘÁKOVÁ, Michaela
Mammographic examination is highly important considering that breast cancer is the most frequent carcinoma in women in the Czech Republic. Of course, the quality of mammographic images depends on all parts of the imaging chain including a proper scanning technique and proper positioning of the patient as the breast should be sufficiently captured in the highest extent possible, including the pectoral muscle. Proper exposure and general quality of the images are also necessary in order to show discrete calcifications that may be the single sign of any pathological process in the breast. This thesis is aimed at evaluating the quality of mammographic imaging at two screening departments. One department has undergone complete digitization, the other applies classical film-based mammography. Mammography devices were replaced with digital ones at the film-based mammography department during this research. The result of this work consists in comparing the imaging quality at both these departments, completed with comparison of film-based and digital mammography at the department where the devices were replaced.
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CT laser mammography
BAČOVSKÁ, Michaela
According to the data from the Ministry of Health, malignant breast tumours rank in first place in terms of the most frequent malignant tumour disorders in women in the Czech Republic. Every year over 5500 new cases of breast carcinoma are diagnosed, with approximately 2000 women dying each year as a consequence of this disorder. In September 2002 blanket screening for breast cancer was officially launched in the Czech Republic. Its main task resides in identifying breast carcinoma in its early stages, and also in prolonging the survival of patiens due to more effective treatment of the initial stages of the disorder. After the introduction of screening there was logically also an increase in the recorded incidence, and at the same time there should be a reduction of mortality. The endeavour to scan breasts commenced with the development of X-ray examination methods and with the general development of new technologies in the last century diagnostic methods also came to the forefront. Progress was achieved primarily in the area of X-ray examination methods, whilst at the same time there was a parallel development of entirely new methods. Today computer tomography, magnetic resonance or emission computer tomography are entirely available. In terms of scanning breast glands the greatest progress was recorded by mammography, an in close linkage by ultrasound. In addition to these basic and proven methods, the latest development in mammodiagnostics enables us to use also new examination methods, which are used as supplementary methods. One of these is CT laser mammography (CTLM), which is used in several countries worldwide. In the Czech Republic the radiodiagnostice clinic of the Královské Vinohrady Teaching Hospital in Prague and the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute in Brno have access to a CTLM machine. As the name indicates, this concerns breast scanning using laser rays. CTLM displays the physiological vessel structure in the breast, as well as any angiogenesis if present.
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Health education in relation to prevention cancer breast.
VÍTKOVÁ, Adéla
Health Education in relation to Breast Cancer Prevention was not a topic chosen coincidentally. The fact that I encountered this illness in my own family contributed to my decision. I read over and collect a lot of information. There is an inexhaustible amount of publications, references, associations, commercial and medial projects, though the breast cancer diagnosis is on the top position of mortality causes not only in the Czech Republic but worldwide. In the course of collecting all data I found out that there exists the only prevention - early diagnostics and screening, on which I focused in the second part of my thesis. Health Education is the ideal instrument for preventive education programme and its further promotion. That is why I hope that comprehensive elaboration of this topic will be used as a methodological source.
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Diagnosis of breast diseases with a refference to special mammographic projections and interventional breast procedures
BOHÁČOVÁ, Markéta
Breast cancer is considered to be the most frequent women malign disease. The task of Screening Centres is to find breast cancer in its initial stage, when its treatment is more effective. In my research, I aimed at the use of special projections and interventional procedures in breast cancer diagnostics. I have described various diagnostic methods with their advantages and disadvantages together with the clarifying of the reasons of their use. I have also found some difficulties that a radiograph assistant can meet with in his or her work; I have tried to suggest different solutions. On the basis of individual examinations results processing, the hypothesis that special projections result in the decrease of intervention procedures and intervention procedures lead to the reduction of unnecessary surgeries has been confirmed. Nevertheless, in minimal number of cases we fail, despite all our efforts, to take a representative sample so that the diagnosis could be reliably made. We seek to reduce the number of such cases both by improving staff{\crq}s qualifica-tion and innovating examination methods.
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