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Evolution of host specificity in avian influenza
Divín, Daniel ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Horníková, Lenka (referee)
Avian influenza is a dangerous viral disease, which threats animals and people's health and nowadays evokes great concerns linked with pandemic threat. Veterinary procedures tries to limit spreading of infection by eradication of all birds nearby the outbreak place of the disease to limit as much economic damage as possible. However, there is obvious considerable variability in susceptibility, course and transmission of the disease in different species. In model species (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica a Gallus gallus f. domestica), we can see a big difference in course of the disease linked with different equipment of immunity genes. There is fragmented information about other species. The main aim is therefore to summarize knowledge about avian influenza, it's origin, evolution, diversity, spreading in environment and susceptibility of different species to this disease.
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Opinions of the adult population about mandatory and optional vaccination in the Czech Republic
NEDBALOVÁ, Martina
For my bachelor thesis, I have chosen the topic of Adult Population Opinions on Mandatory and Optional Vaccination in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part I deal with the history of vaccination, basic concepts related to vaccination, composition of vaccines, and distribution of vaccines. A separate chapter is vaccination under the National Immunization Program, i.e. all mandatory, regular vaccinations. Out of the optional vaccinations we take a closer look at vaccination against flu and vaccination against cervical cancer, which are vaccinations around which there are many unanswered questions. The last chapters deals with the side effects of vaccination and negative attitudes of people towards vaccination, where I quote mainly the views of doctors who are against vaccination. The theoretical part is followed by the practical part for which I've set three goals. The primary objective is to find out what is the opinion on compulsory and optional vaccinations in the Czech Republic in the adult population. I also try to find out whether there are people in the population who do not agree with the vaccination. The final objective is to find out what are the vaccination rates for optional vaccines. Part of the thesis is quantitative research based on the questioning method. The questionnaire is based on research assumptions and has been published on the Internet. In one month, 366 respondents answered the questionnaire. The results are presented in form of graphs. My bachelor thesis can help you to better understand the issues concerning vaccination, to deepen the knowledge and, last but not least, to reflect on and build your own opinion on this controversial topic.
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The issue of vaccination of workers in social services against the flu with a focus on homes for the elderly
OLIVOVÁ, Vladimíra
The diploma thesis deals with issues of vaccination of workers in social services against seasonal influenza in homes for the elderly. Furthermore, this diploma thesis deals with possible ethical dilemmas in connection with cancellation of mandatory vaccination against seasonal influenza as a result of the change of legislation in 2010. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part summarizes the basic information concerning seasonal influenza, its impact and prevention, and also provides an overview of long stay services focused on homes for the elderly. In the theoretical part there are also described the basic aspects relating to ensuring the quality of the service provided. Results of the quantitative research carried out in six homes for the elderly are presented and evaluated in the practical part of the thesis. The main goal of the diploma thesis is to map trends concerning the immunization coverage of workers in social services against seasonal influenza, opinions of these workers, their attitudes towards and motivation for such vaccination. Survey research shows that the cancellation of mandatory vaccination against seasonal influenza had a negative impact on immunization coverage of the workers in social services and that in the past the most common reason for vaccination was the duty laid down by law. Moreover, it follows from the results of the research that currently the main reason for refusal of vaccination lies in distrust in efficiency of vaccination. The research has also shown the importance of practising physicians' recommendations for vaccination and their irreplaceable part in provision of information about influenza. The secondary aim of the thesis was to discover how the workers in homes for the elderly perceive the impact of sickness rate of workers in social services caused by seasonal influenza on functioning of the organisation and on the quality of the services provided. As the research has shown, the workers do not believe that incapacity for work due to influenza has an impact on the functioning and quality of the services provided. Another secondary aim of this thesis was to obtain an overview of possible motivation of the workers in homes for the elderly for increase in immunization coverage against seasonal influenza. It follows from the results of the research in question that the strongest motivation for the workers would be represented by reintroduction of mandatory vaccination. The third secondary aim of the thesis was to identify possible ethical dilemmas with respect to change in duty of vaccination against seasonal influenza. These dilemmas are defined in the conclusion of the practical part of the thesis. The results may be utilized as resource materials for motivation of both the senior employees and other employees of the homes for the elderly for vaccination against seasonal influenza with respect to protection of their clients.
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The Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918/19 with particular reference to the Bohemian Lands and Central European relations
Salfellner, Harald ; Hlaváčková, Ludmila (advisor) ; Fialová, Ludmila (referee) ; Pock, Lumír (referee)
Charles University First Medical Faculty Study programme: History of Medicine Summary of dissertation The Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918/19 with particular reference to the Bohemian Lands and Central European relations Dr. med. univ. Harald Salfellner Prague, 2017 Summary Towards the end of the First World War, in 1918 and 1919, humanity faced a previously unparalleled flu pandemic; within a few months, more people had been killed than in all the battles of the 1914-18 war put together. The precise number of victims is unknown but is today generally reckoned at between 20 and 50 million. The whole world was affected by the Spanish flu, with the exception of a few remote islands, and Europe, already bled to death by industrialised warfare, was particularly hard hit. In summer 1918, the pandemic reached Bohemia in an early, relatively benign wave. A few weeks later, thousands were struck down in Prague in a second and far more deadly phase of the illness. In October 1918, as the First Czechoslovakian Republic arose from the ashes of the multiethnic Austrian state, and the masses celebrated in the cities, thousands of feverish patients were coughing behind drawn curtains, and facing an uncertain fate. In the USA, the flu pandemic - the greatest health disaster of the 20th century - has been the subject of many...
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Infectious complications in chronic renal failure
Kielberger, Lukáš ; Eiselt, Jaromír (advisor) ; Dusilová Sulková, Sylvie (referee) ; Matoušovic, Karel (referee)
INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE Infections represent a serious problem in chronic kidney disease (cohort and they are) associated with signifficant morbidity and mortality. The thesis originated in the nephrology division of the Department of Internal Medicine I., Charles University Teaching Hospital and Medical Faculty in Pilsen, an institution with a long standing research activity in the field. In the theoretical part of this work, a general summary of infectious complications in chronic kidney disease population is presented. The other part of this work presents results of our research dealing with pharmacoeconomical aspects of cytomegalovirus infection and finally our results in the field of influenza vaccination. The Aim of the first presented work was to evaluate the cost impact of four different strategies for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. We provide post hoc analysis of 2 randomized studies performed in our department and calculating direct CMV-related expenses using valacyclovir prophylaxis, ganciclovir prophylaxis, preemptive vlaganciclovir treatment and deferred therapy. To simulate ihe impact of varying prices of prharmacotherapy or diagnostic procedures, a sensitivity analysis was performed. With respect to our results, valacyclovir...
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Inovation in influenza vaccines
Satoriová, Martina ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Motlová, Lucia (referee)
Influenza viruses annually infect 3 to 5 millions of people worldwide, cause annually many hospitalizations, 250 000-500 000 deaths and significant economical losses. The vaccines still remain the most efficient way of prevention of this infectious disease. Conventional egg- based vaccines are used for more than 60 years. Although they are safe, they have many disadvantages. Their main disadvantage is the relatively low effectiveness and time-limited induced immunity. The need for annually updates of their composition due to an antigenic variability of viral surface proteins can be considered a disadvantage as well. What is more, the dependence on an egg suply and a way too long time of preparation might be limiting in the case of pandemic. The development of an universal vaccine that would induce a broad imunne response against different strains of Influenza and longlasting protection is a worldwide priority.
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Influence of sigle nucleotide mutations on influenza pathogenicity
Nitkulincová, Lucie ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Král, Jiří (referee)
Influenza virus caused several times the global concerns about the emergence of pandemics, in recent years. The most serious problem, in the fight against this virus, is its ability to quickly change its unusually antigenic specificity by reassortment and point mutations, especially in surface glycoproteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. In this thesis I focused on point mutations in the hemagglutinin of influenza virus causing change in binding preference, which enables both influenza virus transmission between different hosts and unlimited proliferation in their tissues. The permanent change in amino acid sequence and thus the surface of hemagglutinin also largely prevents the host's immune system to destroy the virus efficiently and quickly enough to recognize when another infection. Each of the haemagglutinin subtypes has a different amino acid positions affecting its binding preference. Their summary is included in this thesis. Key words: influenza, single nucleotide mutations, pandemia, patoghenicity, hemagglutinin
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Preparedness of the Czech Republic for Pandemic Flu
JURZYKOWSKÁ, Lucie
Influenza illness occures masively in human population for centuries. Influenza is an acute disorder of viral origin. Currently influenza can be found all over the world. The viruses of influenza are circulating continously in all continents not only in the human population, but in animals too. Every year the population is affected by the seasonal epidemic of different magnitude. Influenza illness pose an important medical, social and economical problem. Next to the seasonal outbreaks occuring every year the influenza pandemic can appear after several tens of years. The pandemic of influenza would mean spread all over the world and it is caused by the new variant of the influenza virus. In past the influenza pandemics caused mortality of millions of people all over the world, high economical losses and social collapse of the states in the history. That´s why the particular states prepare their national pandemic plans. The early preparedness for possible influenza pandemic elaborated in the national pandemic plans and the measures following from the plans constitute a tool for reduction of extent, impact and outcomes of pandemic. The quality of preparedness can influence the economical functions of states, medical impacts of illness and final number of the victims. The aim of the dissertation is to compare the proposed measures responding to the influenza pandemic arising from the national pandemic plans of the Czech and Slovak Republic, to ascertain the state of preparedness to the influenza pandemic following from the pandemic plan of the Czech Republic and the situation in awareness of the civil population about the influenza pandemic in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the dissertation is focused on the epidemiological characteristic of the influenza illness. In the sphere of interest the issue of influenza pandemics is explained in terms of their history and the next field of the dissertation is focused on the pandemic plans. The research part of the dissertation is focused on the solution to the given research questions. Two research questions were specified to accomplish the defined aim: What are the differences between the approaches and measures in the pandemic plans of the Czech and Slovak Republic? What is the knowledge and awareness of civil population about the influenza pandemic in the Czech Republic? Regarding the issue the methodology the first research question included analysis of the content of the pandemic plans of the Czech and Slovak Republic and performance of the Checklist method in order to obtain an overview on approach, procedures and standard of preparedness in the territory of both states and possibilities their reciprocal comparison. Under the second research question the awareness and knowledge of the civil population about the pandemic influenza in the Czech Republic was investigated. For acquiring the data of researching study there was used The method of quantitative research was used to acquire the data for the research survey. The form of twenty questions was created. The first part of the questionnaire was focused on the general knowledge about influenza and the second part on the influenza pandemic and related measures. The respondents chose from the answers defined in advance. There wasn´t used the random sampling of the respondents. Fifty respondents from the non-representative sample filled out the form for acquiring the basic knowledge and finding out theoretical information about the influenza pandemic. Subsequently the statistical analysis was made from the obtained data using the methods of descriptive and mathematic statistic. It follows from the analysing results that the knowledge about the influenza illness and influenza pandemic exists among the civil population which means the laic public, but they are the lower extent and do not correspond to the normal frequency distribution.
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Current infectious equine diseases in the Czech republic and possible preventive measures
ŠPAČKOVÁ, Vladislava
The bachelor work is aimed to the topic of actual problems infectious equine diseases, concretely to equine infectious anemia, contagious equine metritis, influenza and tetanus. Further is focused to preventive precautions made in the horse-breeding area. The objective of this work has been to evaluate on base of given questionnaire the knowledge of horse owners and breeders about infectious diseases and also their knowledge about preventive precautions procedures. From 160 respondents, 98 % of asked were fully knowledgeable in case of tetanus, the lowest knowledge in this research area was about contagious equine metritis and that only 39 % among the horse owners. From preventive precautions side, the most used vaccination is against influenza (91 %), second is against tetanus (83 %).
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Influenza vaccination by the adult´s population
FILIPOVÁ, Kateřina
The topic of the bachelor thesis is Influenza vaccination by the adult's population. The theoretical part deals with an analysis of the illness, its history, clinical charakteristic, influenza viruses and their structure and mutability. This part also deals with transmission, incubation period, treatment, prevention and occurrence of the viruses. In addition, this part is focussed on the vaccination itself. I concentrated on vaccines, indication, contraindication, side effects and interaction and vaccination of the adults. It was also necessary to mention Pandemic Plan of the Czech Republic and surveillance of influenza. As an extra item, we have added a subchapter called "Influenza in the Czech Republic in 2015" to the end of the theoretical part. The occurrence of the flu in terms of weeks since the beginning of the year is listed in the subchapter. The opinions on the vaccination are significantly varied and the thesis mentions both opinions in favour of and against the vaccination at the same time. In the practical part, three aims are defined. The aim of the thesis is to find out opinions among the adults on influenza, opinions on the influenza vaccination and the vaccination coverage among the adults as well. A quantitative surveillance based on the questionnaire method is a part of the thesis as well. The questionnaire based on the research assumptions was published on the internet in order to include as many respondents as possible. 322 people filled-in the questionnaire in three weeks. The results of the research were displayed in graphs. After the evaluation of the questionnaire, it was found out that research assumptions number 1 and 2 have been confirmed. The adults do not believe in the influenza vaccination and the vaccination coverage is low among the people. Research assumption number 3 has not been confirmed but it has not been refuted either. The majority of the respondents do not consider influenza a serious illness. On the other hand, they think that the illness can endanger their life. The thesis could be exploited for a better understanding of the problematic as people can clarify or extend information about the influenza vaccination and about the illness as well.
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