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Water treatment and disinfection in outdoor conditions
Hrušková, Barbora ; Načeradská, Jana (advisor) ; Petříček, Radim (referee)
Travel to countries with inadequate sanitation facilities or to the wild involves the risk of contracting pathogenic organisms. There are several options for providing hygienic drinking water in field conditions. The main objective of this paper is to present these options to the reader, to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different types of water treatment and disinfection in the field, and to assess the health risk of consuming water treated in field conditions. For while there are a large number of studies on water treatment in water treatment plants, there are few studies on water treatment under field conditions, and in particular the generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during field water disinfection. One method to treat water in the field is the use of filtration. Filters can remove suspended solids and bacteria from water due to membranes with pore sizes of about 0.2 μm. The advantage of filters is that they do not encourage the formation of DBPs. On the other hand, 0.2 μm pore sizes may not stop all pathogens. Disinfection with UV light has been shown to be effective, but in turbid water the effectiveness decreases. It is recommended to stir the water with a UV lamp to improve the disinfection results. UV does not produce DBPs, which is an undeniable advantage of this...
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Brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products
Bednář, Jiří ; Načeradská, Jana (advisor) ; Kopecká, Ivana (referee)
The reaction of a disinfectant with natural organic matter in the presence of bromides and iodides in raw water intended as a source of drinking water produces brominated (Br-DBPs) and iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) of water. These tend to be more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues. However, little information is available on these products compared to chlorinated ones. Therefore, the aim of this work was to provide an overview of natural and anthropogenic sources of bromine and iodine containing substances, to determine their influence on the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products, and to compare their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity with chlorinated products. Increasing seawater intrusion into the groundwater drinking water source was found to increase the concentrations of Br-DBPs and I-DBPs by up to thousands of percent. A number of substances can be released from water pipe material depending on the material. These include, for example, tenorite and copper cation released from copper piping, iron cation released from cast iron and steel piping, and bromides and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from plastic piping. All of these corrosion products contribute to increasing concentrations of DBPs in the distribution network. Both seawater and...
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Combination of different drinking water disinfection processes and their impact on the formation of disinfection by-products
Česká, Pavlína ; Načeradská, Jana (advisor) ; Fialová, Kateřina (referee)
Combining disinfection processes with chlorination can alter the formation and resulting spectrum of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in drinking water. While considerable attention has been given to DBPs formed during chlorination, DBPs formed during the application of multiple disinfection processes are a significantly less explored group. This study focuses on three most common disinfection combinations: chlorination-UV, UV-secondary chlorination, and ozonation-secondary chlorination. After chlorination, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most commonly found DBPs in water. The resulting formation of DBPs is influenced by many factors. UV radiation at typical disinfection doses (40-186 mJ.cm-2 ) does not affect the formation of these two groups of compounds after treatment with UV radiation and secondary chlorination. During the advanced oxidation process (AOP) of chlorination-UV, generally more DBPs are formed than during chlorination alone. However, this can be partially minimized by adjusting the appropriate wavelength and pH of the treated water. For waters containing nitrogenous compounds or bromide, combining chlorination with UV radiation and chlorination with ozonation leads to higher formation of hazardous nitrogenous and brominated DBPs compared to chlorination...
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Disinfection by-products originating from pesticides
Plachá, Markéta ; Načeradská, Jana (advisor) ; Kopecká, Ivana (referee)
An important step in the treatment of drinking water is disinfection, which serves to remove pathogenic substances. During this process, disinfection by-products can be formed, which are mainly produced from organic natural substances reacting with the disinfectant. However, treated water may also contain anthropogenic substances, such as pesticides, whose disinfection by-products are the subject of this work. From the accessible data of the studies carried out so far, a basic summary of their creation was created, and characteristic properties that are essential for the evaluation of adverse effects on human health and the environment. From the field of organophosphorus pesticides, it was found that pesticides containing a phosphorothioate part can be easily oxidized by chlorine to the corresponding oxone derivative, while organophosphorus pesticides with a phosphate part are very stable in the presence of chlorine. The resulting oxon forms can be more effective inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase than their parent compounds and at the same time be stable enough (more than 24 h) to reach the consumer, on whom they can, however, have a negative effect. At the same time, disinfection by- products from pesticides can be more toxic than the original compounds. These include chloroxon, diazoxon and...
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Use of advanced oxidation processes in pool water treatment
Trávníček, Jakub ; Pivoda, Bohuslav (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
The research part of the thesis is focused on the use of advanced oxidation processes in the treatment of swimming pool waters. In the first part, the common disinfection technologies that are used domestically and abroad for the treatment of swimming pool waters are described. In the second part, the research focuses on the basic types of advanced oxidation processes used in swimming pool facilities and other similar laboratory-scale technologies with potential for future use in the spa industry. The practical focus of the thesis consists of two parts. In the first part, data from a questionnaire of selected swimming pool facilities in the Czech Republic are processed, which summarizes what technologies are used in the treatment of swimming pool waters in the Czech Republic. The second part consists of a case study that analyses the effect on the quality of treated water before and after the installation of advanced oxidation processes system in the pool recirculation circuit.
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Nové trendy prevence infekcí spojených se zdravotní péčí v ošetřovatelské praxi
KRAUSE, Martin
The aim of the dissertation thesis was to find out risky objects and surfaces used in the provision of nursing care in terms of transmission of healthcare associated infections. Another aim was to find out the current state of knowledge of nurses about the disinfection of objects and surfaces in the provision of nursing care. The last aim was to find out the microbial efficiency of nanomaterial applied to selected objects and surfaces in nursing practice. The research was carried out at a selected provider of health services, i.e. a regional hospital. The aims were achieved using a qualitative and a quantitative research methods. Part of the research was carried out with financial support within the student grant competition. In the first part of the research, risky objects and surfaces that are used in the provision of nursing care at standard departments of the selected hospital were identified by qualitative research using the technique of unstructured observation. In the second part of the research, the knowledge of nurses working in the departments of internal medicine and surgery in the principles of disinfection was found out by quantitative research using the questionnaire technique. Based on the results of the research, it was found out that the level of achieved knowledge depends on education, period of practice, age and department. However, knowledge is limited in some areas. In the third part of the research, the microbial efficiency of the nanomaterial applied to selected objects and surfaces (kidney dish, tray and box used to store medical material) was found out by quantitative research using an experiment. Based on the research results, it was found out that selected objects and surfaces with nanomaterial (antibacterial and hydrophobic nanolayer) showed bacterial contamination, i.e. it was not possible to demonstrate a statistically significant difference between bacterial contamination of objects and surfaces with and without nanomaterial. Further analysis revealed that, for example, kidney dishes would be contaminated with bacteria in 31.3% or trays in 38.1%. It was also found out that some objects and surfaces were also contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae or Serratia rubidaea. The results show that adherence to decontamination of objects and surfaces, especially high touch objects and surfaces, it is important to pay attention at all times, to improve knowledge and skills of nurses involved in providing care to patients and seek new ways to implement preventive measures to minimize transmission of healthcare associated infections. The dissertation thesis thus provides an insight into the prevention of healthcare associated infections problematics in the context of the use of reusable high touch objects and surfaces requiring chemical disinfection in the provision of nursing care. It also provides evidence for compliance with binding hygienic-epidemiological measures and verification of new possibilities for reducing the risk of transmission of healthcare associated infections. The dissertation thesis is beneficial in the field of education, practice, but also for further research in this problematics.
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Prevention of nosocomial infections origin and spreading in Český Krumlov a.s. hospital
KOCOURKOVÁ, Lenka
The present Bachelor thesis focuses primarily on the prevention of occurrence of hospital-acquired infections and the causes of spread of these infections across healthcare facilities. The thesis relies on active communication with the coordinator for management of quality and safety of nursing care, who helpfully provided me with valid information and documents relating to the system of hospital-acquired infection prevention, and arranged for sampling for microbiological examinations in postoperative care departments (ONP) - ONP II and ONP - C III, the hospital Nemocnice Český Krumlov a.s. The Bachelor thesis consists of a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part summarizes knowledge related to nosocomial infections as such, the division and manner of transmission, with an emphasis of prevention of occurrence of these infections and spread of the same among "healthy hospitalized persons." The practical part explores the hospital's approved internal documents aimed at prevention of nosocomial infections and training of staff in the healthcare facility. Moreover, the practical part also verifies the prevention of nosocomial infections by means of microbiological tests. The entire research was carried out in cooperation with two hospitals: Nemocnice Český Krumlov a.s., i.e. the location of sampling, and Nemocnice a.s. Prachatice, the location of microbiological processing. The laboratory-based research part was solved in a microbiology laboratory in the hospital Nemocnice Prachatice a.s., with the aim of identifying the individual microorganisms from the smears taken in the postoperative care department in the hospital in Český Krumlov. These smears reflect the quality of the performed hygiene in connection with the risk of occurrence of nosocomial infections. In addition to laboratory-based research activities, the present thesis also examines the current quality and processing of the hospital's internal documents relating to the prevention of nosocomial infections and the training schedule for the hospital's staff in this respect - trainings are conducted on an annual basis. The thesis is concluded by a summary of isolated microorganisms and comparison of these microorganisms in the framework of the two hospital departments. Last but not least, the presence of highly infectious agents for occurrence of nosocomial infections is excluded on the basis of valid legislation. The thesis also provides a result of qualitative processing in a form of recommendations e.g. for improvement of purpose-directed cleaning. The thesis may therefore be used as a tool for improving awareness of this problem area.
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Design of algorithms for a continuous steam quality measurement system
Hanák, Tomáš ; Tofel, Pavel (referee) ; Holcman, Vladimír (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with proposal of algorithm for continuous system of sterilizated steam. At the beginning we deal with the process of sterilization and its methods. Later on we talk over about the saturated steam and parameters of saturated steam. At the end of the bachelors thesis we discuss about current measurement of sterilization steam quality. Then, the procedure of simultaneous measurement of sterilization steam quality is described here. The last part is the evaluation of measured data and presentation of their results.
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Design of algorithms for a continuous steam quality measurement system
Hanák, Tomáš ; Tofel, Pavel (referee) ; Holcman, Vladimír (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with proposal of algorithm for continuous system of sterilizated steam. At the beginning we deal with the process of sterilization and its methods. Later on we talk over about the saturated steam and parameters of saturated steam. At the end of the bachelors thesis we discuss about current measurement of sterilization steam quality. Then, the procedure of simultaneous measurement of sterilization steam quality is described here. The last part is the evaluation of measured data and presentation of their results.
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Comparison of antimicrobial effect of emulsions for cleaning and dissinfection
Chrápavá, Edita ; Dzurická, Lucia (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
Currently, hand disinfectants and other disinfectants are in high demand. Due to the pandemic and the spread of Covid-19, they are used by society daily. The reason for their use is not only to prevent the spread of bacteria and other microorganisms from the hands to another part of the body or objects, but also to prevent the spread of the disease. The subject of the bachelor thesis is the control of antimicrobial effects of several commonly available disinfectants using broth and agar dilution methods. From the measured data, the absorbance was processed and subsequently viability of the culture.
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