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Primary and Secondary Prevention of Colorectal Carcinoma by People over 50
HORNÍKOVÁ, Kateřina
As the title reveals, the thesis deals with primary and secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma among people over 50 years of age. Colorectal carcinoma, i.e. tumour disease of the colon or rectum, is a serious disease with increasing incidence. The Czech Republic has one of the highest incidence rates of this disease and is at the forefront of global statistics. Every year, about 8000 people are diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma in our country and about 4000 patients die of this disease every year. Almost four people out of ten have vicarious experience with colorectal carcinoma, claiming that someone in their immediate vicinity has developed this disease. Early detection of the disease is thus of crucial importance. Prevention and diagnostics play a major role because tumours detected at an early stage can be treated well. It is reported that lifestyle, the right regimen, plenty of physical activity, wholesome food with an appropriate proportion of fibre and vitamins have a 60 to 80 % impact on the development of carcinoma. The disease poses a threat mainly to people over fifty years of age and people with genetic predispositions. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part consists of several chapters. First of all, I will be dealing with the basic anatomy and physiology of the colon and rectum. Then I will be dealing with the colorectal carcinoma itself, its development, symptoms, incidence or epidemiological aspects of the disease in the Czech Republic. I will be dealing with the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma that include age, lifestyle, as well as hereditary predispositions. A large part of the thesis is dedicated to colorectal carcinoma prevention. I will be focusing on primary and secondary prevention, including the faecal occult blood test and colonoscopy. Finally, I will touch on diagnostics and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. The practical part makes use of the research data obtained through a quantitative interrogation method, a questionnaire. The questionnaire was anonymous and included 32 questions. The first group of the questions was focused on basic information about the respondents. The rest of the questions concerned respondents´ awareness of colorectal carcinoma, its risk factors and potential prevention. I explored the respondents´ attitudes to lifestyle, their concern for tumour diseases in general, as well as whether they regularly see their physician. A substantial part of the questionnaire was devoted to questions regarding the occult blood test and colorectal screening. The questionnaire was intended for people over 50 years of age. The purpose of the thesis was to map awareness of the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma, look into awareness of the options of secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma and whether people attend regular screenings. I examined the importance of giving media publicity to the disease and thus related interest in this issue. I wished to know whether there is a gender difference in the interest in undergoing colorectal screening. Four hypotheses were established in the research. Hypothesis 1: People over the age of 50 are informed about the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma. This hypothesis was confirmed. Hypothesis 2: People over the age of 50 know the options of secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma. This hypothesis was only partially confirmed. Hypothesis 3: The number of colorectal screenings undergone by women over the age of 50 is statistically more significant than that of man over 50 years of age. This hypothesis was not confirmed for the occult blood test. However, men underwent colonoscopy more often. Hypothesis 4: The interest in undergoing colorectal screening increases with the level of education attained. The actual proportion of those who underwent an occult blood test or colonoscopy does not differ depending on education, and therefore hypothesis number 4 was not confirmed.
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Protection of the population from the perspective of the medical security during the flood 2010, focusing on the situation in Raspenava
ŠTYNDL, Pavel
The thesis deals with general concepts of the flood in the introduction. Flood is natural phenomena which presents the largest threat of natural calamity in our country. It gives rise to crisis situation with natural and material damages and death residents in the affected area. In this area, country is devastated and ecological damage is generated. We cannot stop floods but we can limit consequences with suitable natural, technological or organizational measures. Flood presents the need to build a supplement of flood control precaution in floodplains. Flood is natural phenomena which it is impossible prevent. It occurred in history, it occurs in the present day and in future. It is reaction between Earth´s surface and rainfall. Intensity and duration of rainfall, afflicted area by rainfall, slant and characterization of Earth´s surface have important role in flood. Locations of built-up area induce necessity of flood control measure. In the context of history, buildings are built nearby watercourses which are need for recreation, fish farming, water's energy, drain rainwater and wastewater. Buildings of roads and railways have better condition in valley alongside watercourse. Expansions of buildings reduce area for fluent outflow of flood. River has water meadow in valley in uninhabited landscape where flow of watercourse isn´t limit. It develops riverbed-forming process without limited in this area. There isn´t need develop flood control measure. These uninhabited landscapes are scarce in central Europe. The second part of this thesis is focused on the protection of population in floodplains. The applicable legislation and available documents provided by the following municipalities: Raspenava, Hejnice, Bilý Potok, ORP Frýdlant and the regional office of Liberec region are studied. The municipality of Raspenava dealt with flood control precautions in the affected areas, reconstruction of destroyed bridges and roads, infrastructure renewal after the flood in the august 2010. During the flood, 11 footbridges, 4 bridges, 13 houses and kindergarten were destroyed and 1 person died. The municipality of Raspenava solved the complaint about a course of the tender within the renovation of the town. ÚOHS must dealt with this complaint In the third part of this thesis, hypothesis was determined. It is shown that the protection is focused on evacuated people. Precautions to protect of the population are not focused on population which stays in the affected area. In this area, basic infrastructure and services are not available. Medical care is limited or impossible. One of flood control measure is evacuation. Evacuation is relocation people, property, animal, technical facilities and substances hazardous to health from flood area to area where there are ensured evacuated people and animals substitute housing, meals and storage. It is extraordinary measure which is used in case of none effective protection. Plan of evacuation is described in flood plan of municipality The thesis deals with general concepts of the flood in the introduction. Flood is natural phenomena which presents the largest threat of natural calamity in our country. It gives rise to crisis situation with natural and material damages and death residents in the affected area. In this area, country is devastated and ecological damage is generated. We cannot stop floods but we can limit consequences with suitable natural, technological or organizational measures. Flood presents the need to build a supplement of flood control precaution in floodplains.
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The cellular elements participating in the inflammatory response
CHMELOVÁ, Veronika
The issue of inflammation is a very complicated and extensive topic, which by far does not just cells that the task of this thesis. It's a proces to helping maintain the internal environment of the organism and its task is cope with external environmental influences, which may mean risk for the organism. Inflammatory cell response is the mechanism which the body defends itself against infections and corrects damaged tissue. But this process can not be understood only as a defensive reaction. Especially with persistent inflammation may evolve a disease state which leads to irreversible tissue damage. In this case, the pathologic response. The theoretical part describes the course of inflammatory reactions and focus on individual blood cells. In this part of thesis, describe their morphological structure, interaction and role in the pathophysiological process. The practical part is devoted to specifics methods which can be used to investigate inflammatory cells. I appreciate their advantages and disadvantages, and describe the principles and practices of these methods. The most basic method is the fabrication and painting the blood smear and microscopic minus differential leukocyte budget. For higher level can be considered Hematology Analyzer, in addition to white blood cells provides a range of information, including platelets and red series. The last method, which the work is concerned with flow cytometry. The huge growth in recent years, the opportunity to investigate a large number of parameters. But this places high demands on the correct interpretation of the data. The last part is concerned with mast cell and problems of its investigations both in terms of hematological and histological methods.
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Microorganism Reduction Methods in Meat Products
ZÁHOROVÁ, Jana
In Bachelor thesis I deal with a theme of the influences on the reduction of microorganisms of meat products. First, I focused on the characteristics of individual organisms, the factors affecting their growth, incidence of microorganisms in meat, forms of microbial degradation and contamination of meat microorganisms in slaughterhouses. The next section deals with the means to fight against microorganisms and methods which can reduce their presence in meat products. In the end there is mention of the HACCP system.
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John Duns Scotus' critique of the analogy of the concept of being
STRAKA, Jan
The work is primary focused on John Duns Scotus' argumentation for the univocity of the concept of being, as is presented in his Lectura and Ordinatio. The first part briefly presents the realistic theory of the concept, wich serves as a framework of all examined discusion. Then, in the second part, we very briefly eximine Aristotelian theory of analogy and the aporia generis. The end of this part presents Henry of Gent?s theory of analogy, and its noetical postulates. The third part, the main one, deals with Scotus? arguing against the analogy of the concept of being, and presents the main points of his theory of the univocity of being: the definiton of the univocal concept, the concept of being that is univocialy applicable to both an infinite and a finite being; and his formal and modal disctinction. Last part again simply points out to the main Scotus? thoughts and also to some problems of his theory.
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Maticové funkce a jejich numerické aproximace
Suchá, Darja ; Hnětynková, Iveta (advisor) ; Strakoš, Zdeněk (referee)
In the presented work, we study numerical methods for approximation of a function f of a matrix A. First, we give theoretical background - definitions of matrix functions, and their properties. Further, we summarize basic numerical methods for computation of an approximation of matrix functions f(A). In many applications, we need to approximate the matrix function f(A) applied on an apriory given vector b, i.e. f(A)b. Especially, when A is large and sparse, the computation of approximation to f(A) and subsequent multiplication by the vector b can be computationaly expensive. Therefore we study methods, which compute the approximation of f(A)b directly. Main emphasis is placed on the polynomial approximation in the least squares sense, and several modifications of Krylov subspace methods. Numerical experiments compare convergence and computa- tional time required to obtain reasonable approximation to f(A)b. 1
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Selected methods for multivariate financial data analysis
Andráš, Adrián ; Zichová, Jitka (advisor) ; Hurt, Jan (referee)
In practice, we often meet data in the form of observations of several variables at various points in time. These data are called time series. We present various approaches in time series analysis; graphical models, vector autoregres- sive models and vector moving-average models. We try to get information about mutual relationship of the variables and then to model their behavior. The used techniques are illustrated on log returns of monthly average exchange rates. The programs are processed in the software Mathematica 7 and can be found on the CD. 1
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Quality of Life of Haemodialysed Seniors in Prachatice Region
ZELENKOVÁ, Božena
In the bachelor thesis I deal with the quality of life of haemodialysed seniors in Prachatice region and many aspects that change and affect their lives. The first part of my thesis is a professional one and it describes an anatomical structure of reins, their physiology and in general also diseases leading to an acute or chronic renal failure, especially the diabetes mellitus 2nd type. The professional part is concluded by a treatise on methods of the renal function replacement, so called a method of the blood purification {--} the haemodialysis. In the second, practical part, I focused on the research of the quality of life. I chose the following set criteria: a retirement, an age over 65 years, a renal failure due to the diabetes mellitus 2nd type. For detecting the quality of life I used the method of SEIQoL with the technique of an observation and a questioning. There were selected five respondents who meet the given criteria, the group consists of two men and three women in the age range 66-83 years. The research showed that a common feature of the respondents is the fact of declaring a higher quality of life in comparison with their intended degree of a satisfaction with their life. The respondents also agree that their health problems are multiplied by secondary phenomena accompanying the haemodialysis. Furthermore, it shows how important is a need of a social support for the respondents, their desire for a self-realization and a meaningful fulfilment of their leisure time.
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Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in children and young adults
TURKOVÁ, Aneta
Diabetes mellitus is a disease resulting in disordered metabolism of carbohydrates. They include very serious metabolic diseases but still one third of patients remain undiagnosed. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. It can affect children of any age. Diabetes mellitus type 1 occurs more often in children. Diabetes mellitus type 2 was once considered to be only a disease of adults, but today there is an alarming increase of incidence in children and young adults as a result of improper lifestyle and severe obesity. In the theoretical part of my thesis I deal with the issue of hyperglycaemia and I present laboratory methods used to diagnose diabetes mellitus and long-term or short-term compensation of this disease. In detail I focus on the importance of using own glucose meter for self-monitoring. Objective of the thesis and its implementation are set in the practical part. The objective of my thesis was to verify the quality of blood glucose meter Optium Omega manufactured by Abbot using routine method of Clinical Chemistry Laboratory in strict accordance with its intended use within POCT. To verify functionality of blood glucose meter Optium Omega I used recommended statistical procedures.
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Výuka angličtiny ve Španělsku v rámci programu SOCRATES/ COMENIUS- Asistent při výuce jazyka
KONOPKOVÁ, Dagmara
This diploma thesis deals with my stay at C.P.I. Tino Grandío, Guntín, Spain where I participate in classes of English as the SOCRATES/ COMENIUS language assistant in the school year 2006/2007. The Socrates programme as well as the Spanish system of education is presented in the theoretical section of this diploma work. Another part of this section is constituted by the presentation of the Common European Framework of Reference and the European Language Portfolio and their incorporation into the Spanish and Czech curricula. The practical section focuses on the presentation of my host institution C.P.I. Tino Grandío, in particular on its technical facilities, the course books employed in classes or on the aims of teaching English in general. The following part of the practical section contains examples of activities employed in classes of English where I participated as assistant. In this part, I also mention what the assistantship brought to me, what impact did it have on my host school and I comment on the problems encountered during my assistantship. In the final part, I evaluate the whole assistantship at C.P.I. Tino Grandío.
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