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Mind the Gap! A Cross-National Panel Study on the Relation Between Ideological Extremism and the Two Measures of Affective Polarisation
Endtz, Roeland Daniël Adriaan ; Torcal, Mariano (vedoucí práce) ; Schade, Daniel (oponent)
Foundational research on affective polarisation conceptualised the concept as polarised sentiments between partisan citizens (voter affective polarisation). However, later research focused on polarised sentiments towards parties (party affective polarisation). Levels of the latter tend to be higher than levels of the former, but not always to the same degree. Put differently, there exists a gap between the two measures that varies in size: the PAP-VAP gap. This paper investigates whether this gap closes as citizens become more ideologically extreme. Multi-level analysis of panel survey data from five different countries from the TRI-POL project confirms that ideological extremism negatively affects the gap between voter affective polarisation and party affective polarisation. As ideological extremism increases, voter affective polarisation is affected more strongly than party affective polarisation, thereby narrowing the gap. This effect is consistent across all countries in this study. These findings have implications for the measurement of affective polarisation, and suggest that ideological demand fuels the extension of party dislike to partisan dislike. Key words: voter affective polarisation, party affective polarisation, ideological extremism, expressive partisanship, instrumental partisanship.
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The 2015 Migration Crisis and Mainstream Left-wing Parties' Positions on Immigration
Kamel, Riham ; Torcal, Mariano (vedoucí práce) ; Augusteijn, Joost (oponent)
Undoubtedly the question of immigration is currently a divisive political issue in Europe, on both national and Union levels, particularly following the 2015 intense influx of migrants fleeing armed conflicts in the Middle-East. How these recent influxes of immigrants and refugees impacted party politics in Europe? Considering that the literature does not offer conclusive explanations for mainstream left-wing parties' strategies towards immigration issues, this research analyzes the effect of the 2015 migration crisis on mainstream left-wing parties' attention to and stances on immigration. Using the data of the Comparative Manifesto Project (MARPOR), this research tests two main hypotheses: firstly, whether the 2015 migration crisis increased the saliency of immigration for mainstream left-wing parties, and secondly, whether the crisis induced a negative shift in the stances of these parties on immigration. The sample comprises eighteen political parties from thirteen European countries. The results are consistent with the first hypothesis, showing that the saliency of immigration in the studied parties' manifestos significantly inflated after 2015. The study finds that several mainstream left-wing parties adopt increased anti-immigrant stances in the wake of the 2015 migration crisis. Powered by TCPDF...
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Assessing polarisation and party system deinstitutionalisation in multiparty Western Europe between 1998 and 2018
Laohabut, Thareerat ; Torcal, Mariano (vedoucí práce) ; Handl, Vladimír (oponent)
The consequences and aftermaths of the 2008 Great Recession have played an important role in stirring people fear and agony to 'some' other people. The phenomenon is defined as the root of affective polarization. Research has claimed that affective polarization derives from partisan identity and the theory of social identity, and those affects are developed and reached beyond the classic concept of ideological polarization. During the post-economic crisis, a number of successful new radical right parties has surged across the continent. In addition, Western European politics has severely been polarized and increasingly characterized by growing hostility and incivility across partisan lines. Simultaneously, the trend of deinstitutionalization of party system goes upward across Europe. This article seeks to investigate a puzzle of whether and how increasing levels of party system deinstitutionalization are associated with increasing polarization. Assessing the association between party system deinstitutionalization and the two dimensions of polarization between 1997 and 2017 (82 elections in 15 countries), the empirical result shows such an unexpected result and strongly implies the underestimated effects of political structures on party system deinstitutionalization and polarization while...
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National Identity and EU Support: The role of immigration salience after the crisis
Kyritsopoulos, Constantinos ; Torcal, Mariano (vedoucí práce) ; Stepanovic, Vera (oponent)
This work studies the relationship between individual national identity and the EU's image over time. By turning to cross-sectional Eurobarometer data from 2005 to 2019, two hypotheses are tested at the individual-level. First, building on evidence that the link between identity and EU support may be strengthening over time, this work asks whether the post-crisis period has seen an increased linkage between citizens' identity and their image of the EU. Second, theorizing that perceived threats to the nation are the source of identity's tightening link, this work examines how this relationship has evolved in citizens who consider immigration to be an important problem. The results show that: 1) while identity may have been more important in some years, its interaction with the EU's image has not changed appreciably over this period; and 2) citizens with high immigration salience do not rely on national identity more heavily when evaluating the EU. These findings imply that the conflicts of the post-crisis period, and in particular, the migrant crisis, have not driven citizens to increasingly value national identity when making judgments about the image of the EU. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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