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Legal regulation of municipal waste management
Vrbová, Aneta ; Sobotka, Michal (advisor) ; Svoboda, Petr (referee)
The topic of the thesis is the legal regulation of municipal waste management in the Czech Republic. It introduces the readers to the individual legal regulations at the national and European level, tracing the development of the legal regulation of waste management since its inception in the 1970's and its gradual completion. The work introduces the various instruments that have been developed to regulate individual practices and activities and which, at the same time, make it possible to achieve the stated objectives. It also presents the various principles that set the basic direction for the current legislation. Attention is paid to the elementary concepts on the basis of which the whole system of obligations and responsibilities for waste management is built - these are the concepts of 'waste', 'municipal waste', 'hazardous waste' and 'waste management', and the thesis also traces how their content has evolved over time. The thesis also introduces the basic subjects of waste law, which are the waste producer and the operator of a waste management facility. It pays most attention to the municipality, which it considers to be a specific entity, and further examines its obligations in relation to the collection of waste from individual entities. The law entrusts the municipality with a legal...
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The effect of the light period on milk yield and fertility of dairy cows
VRBOVÁ, Aneta
The main objective of the study was to ascertain fertility and milk productivity of dairy cows raised under the conditions of modern technology in the context of micro-climactic features and the quality of housing. The observation occurred from 1. 1. 2013 to 31. 12. 2014 in Cooperative Farm Pluhův Žďár and 150 dairy cows of the Holstein cattle were observed. The program Statistica 12 (StatSoft?) was used to evaluate observed values. Data characterisation was conducted through the use of descriptive statistics, and, furthermore, a correlation analysis and a chi-square test were used. During the evaluation of the micro-climate of the stables, it was detected that the average temperatures of the environment shifted from 7.90 °C to 27.03 °C. Relative humidity was measured in the range of 73.44 % and 86.84 %. THI achieved values from 45,11 to 68.93. The milk yield correlated negatively with the temperature during autumn months (r = - 0.377) and a negative correlation was also found in relation to the relative humidity (r = - 0.356) and a similar relation existed between the THI and the milk yield (r = - 0.409). The influence of the length of the photoperiod on milk productivity showed itself to be positive in the cases of all groups of observed dairy cows. The group of cows at the 1st lactation increased milk productivity by 4.7 % the cows at the 2nd lactation showed an increase of milk productivity by 12.6 % and the dairy cows at the 3rd and further lactations provided an increase of milk yield of 18 %. The influence of the length of the photoperiod on conception was not statistically conclusive (p = 0.100), but there was a tendency pointing to worse conception results when automatic lighting was used as opposed to when the natural photoperiod was used. With the temperature on the day of conception taken into consideration, the rate of conception ranged between 27 % and 51 % in the periods of 24 and 48 hours before insemination. There was a tendency of a better conception in the group of primiparous cows in the temperature range over 15.1 °C in comparison with the group of cows at the 2nd and further lactations. The influence of the temperature of the environment on conception after first insemination 24 and 48 hours before the insemination itself was statistically conclusive (p < 0.05). A positive influence of an extended photoperiod on rumination was found among all groups of observed dairy cows. The dairy cows at the 1st lactation increased their ruminative activity by 42 minutes and the group of older cows by 25 minutes in 24 hours. The greatest difference between these two groups was observed during the winter months (XII-II), during which time the dairy cows ruminated longer by 21.7 % on average in comparison with the natural photoperiod (p < 0.001).
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FERTILITY OF COWS KEPT IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY
VRBOVÁ, Aneta
level of cattle breeding is putting growing demands on milk production and it is closely related with fertility. The aim of this work was based on data analysis to determine fertility of dairy cows bred in modern technology in the context of the quality of nutrition, stabling and milk production and determine the level of the relationship between fertility and milk production. Monitoring herds proceeded in two breeds from May 2010 to December 2011. The data was obtained from the reports for monitoring performance, and the accompanying sheets cattle and T4C program (Time for Cows), which records detailed data on milking cows. Overall, more than 19,000 data entries on fertility and yield of cows were statistically evaluated. It was found that dairy cows kept in modern technology, which uses AMS (Automatic Milking Systems) the interval 368.97 days and 406.27 days, which is about 30 or 15.72 less compared with the average of Czech Republic. The value of service period in selected farms was 109.19 and 119.58 days. Compared to the national average is about 12.80 and 3.31 on shorter SP. Insemination interval of 62.63 and 81.06 days was again a 20.36 and 1.93 days shorter than the average insemination interval in Czech Republic in 2010. Correlation relationship between milk production and fertility was found to be statistically significant only for insemination interval rxy = - 0.302+ service period and rxy = 0.402+. The hypothesis, that using AMS does not have a negative effect on fertility was confirmed.
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Analysis of milk efficiency dairy cows milked with robot
VRBOVÁ, Aneta
The deficit of educated specialists and patient dairyman had caused that robots are used also in agriculture - livestock production, rather in milking. Inventors of this new technology were the Dutch, who have put in the year 1992 the first automatic milking system (AMS) into operation. The aim of bachelor work was to analyze levels of milk efficiency of holstein cattle, milked with automatic milking systems. The observation of dairy cows holstein cattle herd took place during the year 2009 in a family farm Basík a syn. The farm is situated 6 km east of Tábor. There were observed 64 dairy cows and their share cross (62 H1 a 2 H3). Microsoft Excel has been used for processing the data. By evaluation of milk efficiency it has been discovered, that the group of dairy cows on the 1. lactation had the milk efficiency of 9,635 kg M. Dairy cows on the 2. lactation had milking efficiency of 14,329 kg M. Cows on the 3. and following lactation reached milking efficiency of 13,012 kg M. By the evaluation of number of visits of the AMS with regard to the sequence of lactation it has been discovered, that the average number of successful visits of the AMS in the herd by the cattle on the 1. lactation was 2.6 per a day. Number of unsuccessful visits of the AMS by cattle on the 1. lactation was 0.07 per a day. Average number of milking of cattle on the 2. lactation was 2.9 per a day. Average number of unsuccessful visits by this group of animals was 0.04. The AMS turned down cattle on the 2. lactation once a day on the average. Cattle on the 3. and following lactation were milking 2.7 per a day, number of rejection was 1.5. Number of unsuccessful milking by this group of cattle was very small, only 0.03 per a day.
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