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Non-invasive material and traceological research of the stone head from Celtic settlement Závist near Prague
Cihla, M. ; Trefný, M. ; Drda, Petr ; Hradil, David ; Hradilová, J.
The sandstone head sculpture from the hillfort of Závist in the southern periphery of Prague has been subjected to a non-invasive survey by mechanoscopic and analytical approaches. A 3D model of a sculpture has been created using laser scanning and photogrammetry. A reconstruction of stonemason's working tools was derived from longitudinal and transversal sections of the traces on the head's surface. Further screening of the surface by handheld X-ray fluorescence identified increased contents of lead and tin suggesting a former intentional coloring of the sculpture's surface. Traces of gold could indicate that the surface was gilded. It was confirmed that the sculpture was originally not a part of a human figure, but was intended to represent only a self-standing head. The way of making as well as the nature of the original surface treatment has excluded the possibility that the stone head from Závist was a modern replica.
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The Celts in Asia Minor
Trefný, Martin ; Bouzek, Jan (advisor) ; Bažant, Jan (referee) ; Venclová, Natalie (referee)
This thesis contains the following basic aspects of Celtic/Galatean penetration and presence in Anatolia (central Turkey). 1. Historical background and survey; records of the ancient authors concerning the Celts and Galatians; Celtic penetration through the Balkans and Greece to Galatia; the establishment of the Galatian state; the struggle between the Hellenistic kings and the Galatians; questions of cult, society, policy and urban living and the decline of the Galatian tribes in Anatolia. 2. The archaeological evidence for a Celtic/Galatian presence in Turkey in general and in central Anatolia in particular; groups of monuments and archaeological material. 3. Reflections of the historical events in the figurative art of Antiquity; sculpture; toreutics; terracotta. 4. Evaluation and interpretation. Having left Central Europe, the Celts passed through the Balkans in the fourth and early third century BC and established here between 279 and 277 BC a Celtic state called the Tylis Kingdom. Contemporaneously they entered Greece, where they and their chieftain Brennos were infamous as the bands, endangering the sacred area of Delphi in 278 BC. After this incident a part of the Celts moved on to the Hellespont, reacting to the invitation of Hellenistic Bithynian ruler Nikomedes to assist him by struggle of...
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