|
|
Effect of body size and posture on biomechanics of walking
Matějovská, Zuzana ; Hora, Martin (advisor) ; Farana, Roman (referee)
During human walk, we balance internal muscle forces and external forces outside of the body, while trying to minimize physiological energetic expenditure and mechanical loading on the body. The biomechanics of walking can be affected by various factors, including body size. In individuals with greater body size, the ground reaction force increases, so it is expected that joint moment of the lower limb in individuals with greater body size should increases. However, this relationship is not always true - as documented by previous studies, larger individuals use moderating mechanisms in the form of postural adjustment of the lower limb which decreases the load on joints during walking. The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the effect of body size and posture on the biomechanics of walking in the stance phase of walking, and to verify the presence of moderating mechanisms. We obtained kinematic and kinetic data from nineteen probands. The data was collected during three types of walking - during normal walking, walking with extended knees and crouched walking. We used Visual3D software to calculate angles in joints and joints moments of the lower limb. The independent effect of body mass, lower limb length measured in Visual3D, lower limb length measured anthropometrically, biiliac...
|
|
|
Specifics of female locomotion from ecological and evolutionary perspective
Matějovská, Zuzana ; Hora, Martin (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
This thesis will introduce the specifics of female locomotion, describe the level of morphological sexual dimorphism, and determine their effects on human locomotion. First of all, the thesis focuses on human sexual dimorphism in morphology and compares it with sexual dimorphism in primates. It focuses primarily on body size and proportions, lower limb length, and the pelvis. Additionally, the thesis analyses how sexual dimorphism explains the female costs of locomotion, optimal speed, and the differences in locomotion during pregnancy, infant carrying, and load carrying. Finally, the thesis analyses obstetrical dilemma hypothesis, which posits that the shape of the human female pelvis reflects an evolutionary trade-off between two competing demands, childbirth and bipedal locomotion. In light of new evidence, we concluded that human childbirth may not be limited by bipedalism as posited by the original hypothesis. Key words: sexual dimorphism, optimal walking speed, cost of transport, pregnancy, obstetrical dilemma, transport
|
|
|
21st century socialism in Hugo Chavez's program and realpolitik
Matějovská, Zuzana ; Němec, Jan (advisor) ; Nachtigallová, Mariana (referee)
This bachelor thesis is concerned with the program of 21st century socialism in Venezuela and with its practical application in politics of Hugo Chavez. The main objective is to determine whether a real transformation of Venezuelan society is taking place with the goal of establishing 21st century socialism or whether this concept is used by Chavez as mere rhetoric to obtain votes. The first chapter describes the most important events leading up to the election of Hugo Chavez's as the President. The second chapter deals with the program of 21st century socialism as presented to the population of Venezuela. Its content is analyzed in terms of political transition, social policy, economic policy and foreign policy. Chapter three then looks for similarities and differences between this program and the actual policies of Hugo Chavez, specifically in the four aforementioned areas.
|
guest ::
