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Population genetic analysis of Old Kladruber horse
Vostrá Vydrová, Hana ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Karel, Karel (referee)
The Old Kladruber horse, along with the Lipizzaner horse, Andalusian horse and Lusitano horse, is of the original Italo-Spanish type. The Old Kladruber horse is kept in two colour varieties (grey and black). Because the population is closed, there is a concern about the loss of genetic variation. The genetic diversity and population structure were analysed in the Old Kladruber horse breed based on the pedigree information of animals that were registered in the Studbook to identify factors that may have affected the genetic variability of the breed. Pedigree records collected from 1729 to 2013 contained information on 7971 animals that were used in the analyses. The pedigree depth was up to 33 generations, with an average of 15.1 complete generations. The effective number of founders and ancestors contributing to the current genetic pool was 92.69 and 17.16, respectively. The average values of the inbreeding coefficient were as follows: 13% (with a maximum value of 29%) for the reference population (individuals that can currently take part in reproduction, n=612), 11% for the grey variety (with a maximum value of 25%) and 15% for the black variety (with a maximum value of 29%). The proportion of inbred animals was high (99%). The average rate of inbreeding in the reference population was 1%: 0.8% for the grey variety and 1.1% for the black variety, and the respective estimates of the effective population sizes were 52 for the reference population, 62 for the grey variety and 45 for the black variety. The estimated percentage of genetic diversity lost due to non-random mating within subpopulations and the reference population was 1.0, 1.0 and 1.2%, respectively. The total loss of genetic diversity in the reference population, in the grey variety and in the black variety was 11%, 13% and 17%, respectively.
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Relationship between the coat colour and melanoma occurrence in horses
Hovorková, Kristýna ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
The literary review is divided into two main parts, the first part is dealing with the coloring of horses and their genetic base and the second part is dealing with melanoma formations of horses and their division. In the chapter about several color types of horses there is a description of forming basic color types which is done by three locuses: COLOR, EXTENSION and AGOUTI. Locus COLOR (CREAM) controls whether or not to create pigment. EXTENSION locus controls about the type of pigment and AGOUTI locus controls the distribution of pigment.
The next subsection gives a breakdown of the white color in horses. Greying proces is related with locus GREY where there is a loss of pigment and the coat itself. This process and mutation is commonly connected with dermal melanoma. Non-pigmented spots called vtiligos are connected with the greying process, which is more intense with increasing age. Vtiligios are commonly found in grey horses, at the same locations as dermal melanoma. The places are perianal area under the tail, around the vulva, lips, eyes and around the penis.
Melanoma formations are divided according to whether they occur in Grey horses or other colored horses and whether they have a benign or malignant potential. A further breakdown of melanomas at grey horses is whether it is a separate, smaller segments or large, associated lesions, when this condition is called dermal melanomatosis.
At the end of the thesis there is a description of the treatment options for melanoma. The most effective appears to be a surgical removal of smaller formations. There were studies which have examined the anticancer action of the drug cimetidine but the results are not yet sufficiently conclusive. As preventing the occurrence of melanoma in grey horses it is appropriate to implement the necessary measures and individuals who are concerned should not be included in the next breeding.
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The assessment of equine housing systems in terms of welfare
Morávková, Kateřina ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
Nowadays, the conditions of animals' breeding are better than they were in the past and bigger emphasis i sput on their compliance and improvement. To secure/provide a good welfare is not an easy task for the breeders. Generally, we know how good welfare should look like, but we do not know, if the animal is satisfied. Various studies and experiments of good and bad life conditions appear. On the other hand, there still are lots of things about the welfare topics, which could be discovered and explored. Other question is, if a bad welfare has something common with animals' cruelty, or does not. One of categories, which is welfare focused on is stablig. When horse breeding and stabling, we should consider their native lifestyle and behaviour. We should do this, if we want to secure a good welfare. In many of cases there is a problem, because as it has been said, there is no strict rule, what is a good and bad welfare. Some horses can be satisfied in a box, and the other can feel bad in the box -- they can have depression and they will feel best when they are out with other horses. Every system and style of stabling has its pluses and minuses. Some of the systems seem to be less suitable for horses, but it depends on the horses' character. But horses do not chooses their kind of stabling, it is choosen by the breeder. The stabling has been solved for centuries, and it must have been solved in the past, it is in the peresent, and it will be in the future. But we still come with new and improved ways of stabling. A modern guy can not imagine, that nowadays stabling should be the same as it was in the past. Today, we do not know, if this way of stabling was found as a good type of welfare and if horses were satisfied with it. It is a question, if better welfare is a box stabling or a styling out. For working horses the best stabling is the lashing one, where horses work in a wood and they want a lot of relax -- through this kind of stabling the rest can be enabled. But according to the law foals can not be roped. To stable the horse with the rope for 22 is a breach of a welfare. So we must alway take the reasons of stabling into consideration and if an exgerrated care about stabling does not verge on a horse's satisfaction. Through the behaviour and understading the horses a guy should be able to recognize, if the horse is fully satisfied and the welfare is arranged in the best way. It should be a reward for the breeders, if the horse has the good lifestyle.
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Backing and Training a Young Horse
Pokorná, Lucie ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
This work is focused on the topic of backing and training of horses.
First chapter analyses learning process using positive and negative motivation during horse training.
Second chapter focuses on handling, if it is beneficial, or not, for foal development process. Further more is in this chapter mentioned, if it is possible to affect future foal behaviour by handling with mother - mare and if intervention in first social contact between foal and mother has effect on future foal development. There are also stated different types of weaning and if it is possible to prevent stress in foald by well selected type of weaning.
Third chapter is focused on natural communication with horse, on signals sent out by horse and if human is able to understand those signals and adjust communication by this.
Fourth chapter is focused on work on lunge and its following effect on backing the horse.
The work continues by following sixth chapter, where is described horse backing procedure by Beran (2009). This work is finished by horse approaches of Dillon (2012) and Beran (2009).
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Relationship between genes for the immune system and functional traits (reproduction and health) in cattle
Ječmínková, Kateřina ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor)
In cattle, we observe a decrease trend in the level of reproduction and animal health. This decline is associated with an increase in milk yield. This situation has a negative impact on the farm economy, animal welfare and safety of product. The traditional selection program is in these so-called functional traits ineffective and there is need to find a new ways of animal breeding. In this problematic traits marker assisted selection and the related genomic animal selection is proposed to be a good tool for animal breeding. The present work summarizes the problems of selected functional traits in cattle and provides an overview on genetic markers and possibilities for their use. Further attention is paid to the studied genes and their associations to functional features which have been published in the scientific literature. At the end, the first results are presented describing the genotype frequencies for the first four studied polymorphic regions in Czech Fleckvieh cattle.
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Temperament, character, behaviour of the horse and its exploitation
Kohoutová, Zuzana ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
Physical disposition determine horse´s capabilities of performance. Mental character of a horse basically controls his behaviour through instincts, which were obtained during millions of years of evolution. Effects of instincts can be enhanced or softened by highly developed senses. Thanks to this special combination, mankind tends to give horse an unique approach. Every individual is different and the temper may vary, it also depends on a breed. Temper determines his behaviour towards other horses and people as well, it sets prerequisitions for further use of a horse, f.e. active horses of breed A1/1 (Thoroughbred) are much more likely to be used as a racehorse than the phlegmatic ones. Horses can be divided by geografic origin into 4 groups: A group of Mongolian horses (prairie)
A group of horses Eastern (Oriental), the ancestor of the tarpan a) subgroup horses Iran b) subgroup horses tarpans c) Arabian horses subgroup of type d) subset horses English
Group of western horses, their ancestor's western type horse (now extinct)
A group of horses Nordic (Nordic)
Other division can be made by temper:
Coldblooded horses, Equus robustus is the ancestor, neco, calm, obedient, mostly used for work.
Hotblooded horses, Equus ferus is the ancestor, neco, vital, used as a sport horses. Can be purebred or crossbred. (in this context, crossbred only with certain allowed breeds)
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Evaluation of perfomance tests in hiporehabilitation horses
Houdová, Diana ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
Dissertation deals with hiporehabilition as therapeutic method, describing each sector and its practical utilisation. It explains used terms and in brief touches on history
of application of horses as therapeutical animals.
Theoretical part of dissertation describes essentiality of careful preparation of horse prior to its using to hiporehabilitation work, professional selection of it, high-quality basic training followed with special training focusing to work with client. It also points out possible risks connected with selection of horse.
Thesis evaluates selection standards of hipo-rehabilitation horses, its coherence and potential correlation concerning age, sex and discipline for which is horse prepared. Since 2011 has been conducted specialization test of less than 150 horses and the results has been evaluated and after that confronted.
Objective of dissertation is pint out main requirements which has to be taken
to consideration in the proces of selection of horse for utilsation in this field, and suitability
of its physical proportions as well as traits of character. For creatures employed in any kind
of animotherapy is a contact and work with a client extremly mentally demanding, therefore the proces of thorough and careful selection of horse is just as neccessary together with its subsequent preparation, which is in final phase assessed during performance test
of hiporehabilitation horse before comitee of experts. Outcome of such a training shall be happy and mentally calm horse, for like that is ready to be irreplaceable assistant for the therapist and valuable co-terapist for the client.
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Temperament, character, behavior and exploitation of horses
Beranová, Andrea ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
This bachelor thesis gathers the existing knowledge from the sphere of ethology,general animal breeding, biology, genetics and hipology and it tries to complete them by the newest methods and information which are related to this topic.
In the beginning it is discussed about the horse´s behaviour which can be inherent, acquired and about conduct disorders that is more or less connected to the topic of the follow- up thesis- the temperament. The temperament is in this thesis the most comprehensive theme because it predetermines horses not only to some specific behaviour, to specific using,but it is also seen in the character of each equine individuals. So it is inseperable part of each seconds of horse´s life.
How vital is the equine individual, it requires the distinctive access of other horses and of course of people. For the owners,riders, keepers and for everyone who comes to contact with a horse, it is very important to be able to understand how the horse behaves and why does it do in this way. How much is it useful criterion for the choice of a horse to the breeding? What about the temperament and the genetics?
These questions were the springboard for the writing of the biggest part of this thesis. After chapters which are dedicated to the temperament, it is focused to the next interesting characteristic of the horse´s personality which deserves more detail analysis ( than it is allowed in this thesis), and it is the character of the horse.
Regarding to all past characteristics it is shortly described to which purposes it is possible to use horses.
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