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The characterisation of organ-specific phytohormone responses to nutrient deficiency and biotic stress
Kramná, Barbara ; Vaňková, Radomíra (advisor) ; Hronková, Marie (referee) ; Plíhalová, Lucie (referee)
Abiotic and biotic stresses lead to crop yield losses and ultimately negatively affect agriculture production. Elucidation of the mechanisms of plant stress responses and their regulation could help to understand plant defence and improve stress tolerance. Phytohormones stand behind both plant growth and developmental changes as well as stress signalling. This thesis summarises the results published in two articles focused on phytohormone dynamics in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, namely phosphate shortage and Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. A review article focuses in depth on strigolactones as master regulators of phosphate deficiency responses. The main emphasis is put on organ-specific reactions and exogenous phytohormone treatment with the potential to convey stress tolerance. In the case of phosphate shortage, the universal reaction in all organs was a decrease in active cytokinin trans-zeatin and gibberellin GA4 with a concurrent elevation of abscisic acid. Also, the high- affinity phosphate transporters (PHT1;4 and PHT1;7) exhibited increased gene expression within the whole plant. Shoot apical meristems showed numerous changes in gene expression and were the most affected organ during the lack of phosphate. Only in roots, we observed a substantial elevation of low active...
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The role of NO in plant senescence
Kramná, Barbara ; Wilhelmová, Naďa (advisor) ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (referee)
1 Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a lipophilic free radical gaseous molecule able to readily diffuse through membranes and thus influence the adjacent cells from its source. It belongs among important physiological modulators of a plant life despite of its short life span, which is in most cases, only a few seconds. NO influences plants during their whole life cycle and predominantly acts via a modulation of gene expression or post-translation modifications. An enzymatic production of NO has been documented in apoplast, cytosol and organels such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes, apart from its spontaneous production in reducting conditions. The possible cytoprotective or cytotoxic effects of NO in plant cells depends on its concentration. High concentrations have been proved to be rather cytotoxic. Plant senescence is often accompanied by a vast oxidative damage, which results in high concentrations of ROS, such as O2∙- and H2O2, lipid peroxidation and a decrease of antioxidant enzymes activities. NO has been proved to retard or entirely prevent a senescent phenotype of stress-treated plants. Thus a role as a negative regulator of plant senescence has been proposed for it. The most often method used for NO level modulation in plant tissues is an exogenous aplication of various NO donors. Other...
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Oxidative damage to cellular components after oxidative stress induction by specific herbicides
Kramná, Barbara ; Wilhelmová, Naďa (advisor) ; Ryšlavá, Helena (referee)
Oxidative stress is caused by overproduction and overaccumulation of ROS (reactive oxygen species). This state is responsible for cellular damage during unfavorable environmental conditions such as drought, low temperatures, salinity. In order to directly study oxidative stress at tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) I used specific herbicides, MV (methyl viologen) and 3-AT (3- aminotriazole). There were several markers used for monitoring oxidative damage to cellular components: DNA damage detected by a comet assay, lipid peroxidation, carbonylated proteins and modification of activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT (catalase) and APX (ascorbate peroxidase). Fluorescent microscopy documented changes in a redox state of tobacco cells and a specific signal for peroxisomes was observed after treatment with higher concentrations of MV and 3-AT. Application of both herbicides caused significant DNA damage, while they worked in a different concentrations, MV in µM and 3-AT in mM. Another convincing oxidative stress marker for MV was protein carbonylation. The inhibition of antioxidant enzymes CAT and APX was less significant when compared to the effects of 3-AT. Decreasing membrane stability proved to be an universal oxidative stress marker for both herbicides. On the other hand, lipid...
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The characterisation of organ-specific phytohormone responses to nutrient deficiency and biotic stress
Kramná, Barbara ; Vaňková, Radomíra (advisor) ; Hronková, Marie (referee) ; Plíhalová, Lucie (referee)
Abiotic and biotic stresses lead to crop yield losses and ultimately negatively affect agriculture production. Elucidation of the mechanisms of plant stress responses and their regulation could help to understand plant defence and improve stress tolerance. Phytohormones stand behind both plant growth and developmental changes as well as stress signalling. This thesis summarises the results published in two articles focused on phytohormone dynamics in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, namely phosphate shortage and Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. A review article focuses in depth on strigolactones as master regulators of phosphate deficiency responses. The main emphasis is put on organ-specific reactions and exogenous phytohormone treatment with the potential to convey stress tolerance. In the case of phosphate shortage, the universal reaction in all organs was a decrease in active cytokinin trans-zeatin and gibberellin GA4 with a concurrent elevation of abscisic acid. Also, the high- affinity phosphate transporters (PHT1;4 and PHT1;7) exhibited increased gene expression within the whole plant. Shoot apical meristems showed numerous changes in gene expression and were the most affected organ during the lack of phosphate. Only in roots, we observed a substantial elevation of low active...
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|
|
Oxidative damage to cellular components after oxidative stress induction by specific herbicides
Kramná, Barbara ; Wilhelmová, Naďa (advisor) ; Ryšlavá, Helena (referee)
Oxidative stress is caused by overproduction and overaccumulation of ROS (reactive oxygen species). This state is responsible for cellular damage during unfavorable environmental conditions such as drought, low temperatures, salinity. In order to directly study oxidative stress at tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) I used specific herbicides, MV (methyl viologen) and 3-AT (3- aminotriazole). There were several markers used for monitoring oxidative damage to cellular components: DNA damage detected by a comet assay, lipid peroxidation, carbonylated proteins and modification of activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT (catalase) and APX (ascorbate peroxidase). Fluorescent microscopy documented changes in a redox state of tobacco cells and a specific signal for peroxisomes was observed after treatment with higher concentrations of MV and 3-AT. Application of both herbicides caused significant DNA damage, while they worked in a different concentrations, MV in µM and 3-AT in mM. Another convincing oxidative stress marker for MV was protein carbonylation. The inhibition of antioxidant enzymes CAT and APX was less significant when compared to the effects of 3-AT. Decreasing membrane stability proved to be an universal oxidative stress marker for both herbicides. On the other hand, lipid...
|
|
|
The role of NO in plant senescence
Kramná, Barbara ; Wilhelmová, Naďa (advisor) ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (referee)
1 Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a lipophilic free radical gaseous molecule able to readily diffuse through membranes and thus influence the adjacent cells from its source. It belongs among important physiological modulators of a plant life despite of its short life span, which is in most cases, only a few seconds. NO influences plants during their whole life cycle and predominantly acts via a modulation of gene expression or post-translation modifications. An enzymatic production of NO has been documented in apoplast, cytosol and organels such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes, apart from its spontaneous production in reducting conditions. The possible cytoprotective or cytotoxic effects of NO in plant cells depends on its concentration. High concentrations have been proved to be rather cytotoxic. Plant senescence is often accompanied by a vast oxidative damage, which results in high concentrations of ROS, such as O2∙- and H2O2, lipid peroxidation and a decrease of antioxidant enzymes activities. NO has been proved to retard or entirely prevent a senescent phenotype of stress-treated plants. Thus a role as a negative regulator of plant senescence has been proposed for it. The most often method used for NO level modulation in plant tissues is an exogenous aplication of various NO donors. Other...
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