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Microbiota of the digestive tract of bees and related insect and the influencing facftors
Hroncová, Zuzana ; Havlík, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kalous, Lukáš (referee)
This thesis consists of six research chapters, out of which, five have already been published in research journals, 1 is in the process of submission and the last chapter presents original unpublished confidential data in the process of manuscript preparation.
The research presented in this thesis concerns the complex mechanisms of bees and wasps immune system focused on microbiota as component of immunity. As shown in the introduction, highly social and managed species of bees like honey bees and bumble bees, play key roles in natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. Recent losses of bees have been attributed to pesticide exposure, poor nutrition, increased parasite loads and habitat degradation. Over the past several years, governments, beekeepers, and the general public worldwide have become concerned by increased losses of honey bee colonies, calling for more research on how to keep colonies healthy. Our main aim was to explore the complex mechanisms of bees and related species gut bacterial populations, their links to insect immunity and investigate the opportunities for an intervention. Part of our aim was to characterise the bumble bee and wasp gut microbiota using 16S RNA sequencing in a search for potentially novel bacterial species.
We have tried to explain how microbiome interacts with the host and showed that major members of these communities appear to benefit the host. The simple gut communities of social bees present ideal model systems to investigate the underlying evolutionary and genetic processes of such interactions. Information based on our results may help in the design of proper probiotic supplementation strategies with respect to physiological conditions in the honey bee gut.
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Eating disorders.
Florianová, Jana ; Hučko, Boris (advisor) ; Hroncová, Zuzana (referee)
Summary
This Bachelor thesis is devoted to problems of eating disorders that today affect a large percentage of the young population worldwide. Especially young girls and women aged from 15 to 30 years. There are many studies dealing with eating disorders in recent days, but we still know very little about them.
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder based mainly on the mental condition of the patient. Persons suffering from anorexia nervosa have a distorted idea about their own bodies and depending on this they refuse food. The extensive effort to lose weight results in over-exercising and/or using different medications such as anorectics and diuretics. There can also occur various forms of chronic illness, some symptoms may be overlooked or underestimated for a long time. Anorexia can cause many health problems and the risk of death is greatly increased in individuals with this disease.
Bulimia nervosa is characterized mainly by recurrent bouts of overeating (binge eating). It is also associated with excessive weight control. Subsequent feature is usually the guilt of overeating followed by compensatory behaviour such as vomiting. Therefore some frmale patients abuse laxatives or diuretics. Individuals with bulimia nervosa have due to induced vomiting swollen salivary glands, and bad teeth. Compared with anorexia nervosa there are no symptoms of malnutrition and frequent deaths.
Treatment of eating disorders is very complicated. Due to the different forms it is very difficult to recognize whether it is really an eating disorder. Preconditions for healing are the patients´ cooperation and motivation, together with the help and support of family and friends. Unfortunately, there is no treatment method, medication or surgery, which would have been clearly effective for all disorders.
Prevention should decrease the risk of occurrence of eating disorders from an early age already. However, nowadays where the media play very important role, and the cult of beauty are models who themselves usually suffer from one of the eating disorders, the task to create a quality and effective prevention is almost impossible. There is a citizens association called Anabell in our county that offers advice, consultancy and therapy. Prevention should be increased especially at primary schools, where there are the target groups in danger of these diseases.
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Nutrition of athletes with a focus on fitness
Hájková, Eva ; Hučko, Boris (advisor) ; Hroncová, Zuzana (referee)
Nutrition is an important part of everyone's life. The way we eat affects our health and overall physical and mental condition. If we take a balanced and varied diet is a proven link with disease prevention. My thesis deals with nutrition of athletes who are dedicated to fitness. In sports in general, there is a nutritionist great emphasis mainly in terms of the of sports performance. The fitness is no different. Consuming the right foods at the right time can increase our performance, adjust our weight and overall strengthen our health. It is logical that the body of an athlete sets a higher power demand, the amount of nutrients and fluids. It is therefore very important that every athlete had their diet that fits his physical activity. Fitness activities are divided into the power part and the endurance part too. Along with a special diet the athlete can adjust his body, lose the body fat and make better condition. Most fitness athletes wants to acquire and retain muscle mass even during strenuous exercise and reduce body fat to the minimum possible. Without a modified diet and training, they would never reached their dream goal. If the athlete is not able to supply the body with sufficient nutrients from food, it is recommended to enrich your diet with supplements. Before an athlete begins taking a dietary supplement, one should find out what is he really missing, then carefully choose one that will be most suitable for his body. Some supplements help athletes not to lose muscle mass by training, other cause faster regeneration after training.
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Antioxidants in human nutrition
Nemcová, Romana ; Hučko, Boris (advisor) ; Hroncová, Zuzana (referee)
The aim of this study was to show the importance of the antioxidants in human nutrition, their functioning and effects on human health. Special attention is recently paid to antioxidants due to their positive effects on the human body. Antioxidant activity is variable which evaluates the ability of the body to capture the free radicals, to prevent their occurrence or to convert them to unreactive or less reactive forms. Free radicals are formed in the human body as a byproduct of metabolism in the cells, where they play a positive role in immunity. On the other hand, their excessive production may be detrimental to the organism, they disrupt cell membranes, destroy DNA. Excessive formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radicals arises oxidative stress. Oxidative stress significantly contributes to the development of various degenerative diseases and tumors, it causes DNA mutation and it damages macromolecules and tissues.
Human organism has developed its own antioxidant activity in the form of endogenous antioxidants which are produced by the body. Exogenous antioxidants are received from food and they are mainly of plant origin. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, peroxidase), vitamins, carotenoids and phenolic compounds are the most important. Antioxidants perform important functions in the food industry, in which they prevent oxidation of fats and proteins, maintain the taste and colour of the food and also increase their durability.
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