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Spatio-temporal distribution of atmospheric aerosol in urban and rural environment
Bendl, Jan ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Mikuška, Pavel (referee) ; Vojtíšek, Michal (referee)
Air quality in Europe remains a significant environmental concern, affecting the health and quality of life of its population. While stationary network ambient air quality monitoring allows for the observation of main trends, it is not fully representative of personal exposure of citizens due to high spatio-temporal variability of atmospheric aerosol. Therefore, highly time-and- space resolved measurements with state-of-the-art instruments and methods are needed to observe the aerosol variability, dynamics, identify hot-spots, and pollution sources, which are necessary for successful targeted mitigation measures. This thesis addresses this gap focusing on the characterization of spatio-temporal distribution of atmospheric aerosol in inhabited environments. Novel mobile measurement systems were developed and employed to investigate diverse environments, including rural, urban and suburban area. Aerosol source-apportionment were conducted, and the toxicological effects associated with these environments were also investigated. A novel mobile measurement system was developed for personal exposure measurements and pollution mapping in urban and rural environments. The system was used to measure air quality in the Munich subway, revealing high aerosol dynamics with significantly higher concentrations of...
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Aerosol size distribution of PAH in urban atmosphere
Bendl, Jan ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Mikuška, Pavel (referee)
The aim of the study was to determine the 13 health risk PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, ideno(1,2,3-cd)perylene and coronene; c-PAU highlighted) in the fractions of size-segregated aerosol of the urban air in Ostrava (2012, 2014) and Mlada Boleslav (2013) at low temperatures in winter, and to verify experimentally a sampling artifact, i.e., to quantify PAHs in the gas phase. For the particle size separation high-volume cascade impactor Hi-Vol BGI 900 was used. PAHs were determined by HPLC-FLD/PDA. In Ostrava in 2012 during the winter inversion (up to -25 řC), mean concentration of 13 PAHs in aerosol was 432 ng.m-3 ; in fraction 10 - 1 µm 119 ng.m-3 , 1 - 0,5 µm 185 ng.m-3 , 0,5 - 0,17 µm 91 ng.m-3 , in fraction < 0,17 µm 37 ng.m-3 and in the gaseous phase of min. 40 ng.m-3 . In the most unfavorable day 2. 2. 2012 (-18.6 ř C) reached the 24-hour average of 13 PAHs 890 ng.m-3 , the sum of carcinogenic PAHs 237 ng.m-3 and benzo(a)pyrene 32.3 ng.m-3 . An irregular and different decline of PAHs concentrations after inversion was measured: in fraction 1 - 10 µm 2.8 times, 0.5 - 1 µm 4.2 times, 0.5 - 0.17 µm 4 times and for <0.17 µm up to 7.6 times....
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Child exposure to aerosol particles inside bicycle trailer during the usual ride
Nechvátalová, Karolína ; Bendl, Jan (advisor) ; Mašková, Ludmila (referee)
Bicycle trailers represent a popular way of transporting children during cycling, however increased exposure to aerosol particles due to the location of the trailer in the immediate vicinity of the cycle path surface and of the bike tire may pose a health risk. Some aerosol particles can cause respiratory as well as other severe diseases, since the surface of the paths may also contain toxic substances, such as those produced by traffic. Children are more prone to developing respiratory and other diseases than adults, and therefore more attention is needed. The aim of this project is to find out how many times are the concentrations of PM10, PM4, PM2,5 and PM1 aerosol size fractions and the particle number concentrations higher in the trailer in comparison to the cyclist in front of it at different driving speeds while driving on dusty roads and to confirm the hypothesis that the particles are resuspended from the surface of the road and penetrate into the trailer, which has not been quantified so far. The possible health consequences are also discussed in this project. We did three measurements on two roughly 200 m long dusty sections of cycle paths (Stromovka park, cycle path A22 in Braník) in Prague. For the measurement, the trailer (Chariot Cougar 2, Thule) and the box placed on the handlebar...
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PAH bond to nanoparticles of atmospheric aerosol: substrate specifity.
Bendl, Jan ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reviewed including their chemical and chemical- physical features, their impact on health and the environment. Different behaviour of PAHs is mentioned. The detailed instruction for the measurement using high-volume cascade impactor BGI 900 (Hi-Vol) is described. Cleaning, equilibration, weighting, protection against contamination of the substrates and technique of the measurement were introduced. The experiment was done: under the last teflon back-up filter the extra PUF substrate was placed, where after the air exposition the significant amounts of gaseous phase of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene were captured. The extent of the volatile PAHs capture correlated positively with the vapour pressure (ranging from 10-4 to 10-1 Pa.). The other measured PAHs (coronene, benzo(ghi)perylene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) with vapour pressure from 10-5 to 10-10 Pa were not captured. The experiment found out that polyurethane (PUF) substrates captured in noticeable amount the volatile phase of PAHs and therefore the correction for the capture of gaseous phase in the particle size fractions of PAHs was calculated. The deduction for the...
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Child exposure to aerosol particles inside bicycle trailer during the usual ride
Nechvátalová, Karolína ; Bendl, Jan (advisor) ; Mašková, Ludmila (referee)
Bicycle trailers represent a popular way of transporting children during cycling, however increased exposure to aerosol particles due to the location of the trailer in the immediate vicinity of the cycle path surface and of the bike tire may pose a health risk. Some aerosol particles can cause respiratory as well as other severe diseases, since the surface of the paths may also contain toxic substances, such as those produced by traffic. Children are more prone to developing respiratory and other diseases than adults, and therefore more attention is needed. The aim of this project is to find out how many times are the concentrations of PM10, PM4, PM2,5 and PM1 aerosol size fractions and the particle number concentrations higher in the trailer in comparison to the cyclist in front of it at different driving speeds while driving on dusty roads and to confirm the hypothesis that the particles are resuspended from the surface of the road and penetrate into the trailer, which has not been quantified so far. The possible health consequences are also discussed in this project. We did three measurements on two roughly 200 m long dusty sections of cycle paths (Stromovka park, cycle path A22 in Braník) in Prague. For the measurement, the trailer (Chariot Cougar 2, Thule) and the box placed on the handlebar...
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Spatio-temporal PM2.5 variability in village during winter.
Štědrá, Karolína ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Bendl, Jan (referee)
This thesis evaluates the spatial variability of PM2.5 concentrations during two winter months in the small village Lbín close to Teplice at the turn of the year 2017/2018. The PM2.5 concentrations were monitored through a dedicated monitoring network using a total of eight DustTrak laser nephelometers (Model 8520). Six DustTraks were located directly in the village in the valley, one of them was located on the hill above the valley and the last one was located approximately in the half of the hill. Using a network measurements, we tried to determine that the household heatings are the main sources of air pollution in the village. The basic meteorological parameters - wind speed and direction, temperature and air humidity were monitored together with PM2.5 concentrations. It was observed statistically significant difference between the measuring stations, which points to the unevenly distribution of pollution sources. The particle concentrations typically reach peak values in the morning and in the evening. The maximum peak values were 2607 μg·m-3 in December and 4347 μg·m-3 in January. The lowest maximum values were 223 μg·m-3 and 177 μg·m-3 for devices located above the village. An important factor contributing to the current situation was wind speed. If the wind speed was higher than 1,29 m·s-1...
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PM Exposure in Climbing Gyms: Case study of two climbing walls in Prague
Bartošová, Nikola ; Bendl, Jan (advisor) ; Makeš, Otakar (referee)
This thesis deals with the issue of high exposure of dust particles PM10, PM2.5 a PM1 in two specific climbing gyms in Prague. The source of these particles is linked to the use of magnesia alba that the climbers use to dry up the skin of their hands. The thesis analyzes the expected correlation between the dust particles concentration and the current number of visitors of the climbing gym. The dust particles are proven to have a negative effect on the health of individuals. The dust particles measured in this thesis are able to penetrate the respiratory tract. The size segregated aerosol was measured using DustTrak DRX. It is a laser nephelometer. In one of the gyms, a gravimetric analysis was performed, using a Harvard impactor that measures the PM10 concentration. All measurements were performed within the period of 20.4.2016 -5.2.2017. In the climbing center Mammut, the PM10 exposure was measured at 0,125 - 0,167 mg*m-3 , which could quadruple in the most frequented time periods. The climbing gym SmíchOFF measured the maximum levels of PM10 at 0,368 - 0,901 mg*m-3 . Both climbing centers exceeded the average daily imission limits for PM10 and PM2.5. From the health perspective, it is recommended to prevent such high exposure levels or lower the concentrations in the climbing gyms by suitable...
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Aerosol size distribution of PAH in urban atmosphere
Bendl, Jan ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Mikuška, Pavel (referee)
The aim of the study was to determine the 13 health risk PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, ideno(1,2,3-cd)perylene and coronene; c-PAU highlighted) in the fractions of size-segregated aerosol of the urban air in Ostrava (2012, 2014) and Mlada Boleslav (2013) at low temperatures in winter, and to verify experimentally a sampling artifact, i.e., to quantify PAHs in the gas phase. For the particle size separation high-volume cascade impactor Hi-Vol BGI 900 was used. PAHs were determined by HPLC-FLD/PDA. In Ostrava in 2012 during the winter inversion (up to -25 řC), mean concentration of 13 PAHs in aerosol was 432 ng.m-3 ; in fraction 10 - 1 µm 119 ng.m-3 , 1 - 0,5 µm 185 ng.m-3 , 0,5 - 0,17 µm 91 ng.m-3 , in fraction < 0,17 µm 37 ng.m-3 and in the gaseous phase of min. 40 ng.m-3 . In the most unfavorable day 2. 2. 2012 (-18.6 ř C) reached the 24-hour average of 13 PAHs 890 ng.m-3 , the sum of carcinogenic PAHs 237 ng.m-3 and benzo(a)pyrene 32.3 ng.m-3 . An irregular and different decline of PAHs concentrations after inversion was measured: in fraction 1 - 10 µm 2.8 times, 0.5 - 1 µm 4.2 times, 0.5 - 0.17 µm 4 times and for <0.17 µm up to 7.6 times....
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PAH bond to nanoparticles of atmospheric aerosol: substrate specifity.
Bendl, Jan ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reviewed including their chemical and chemical- physical features, their impact on health and the environment. Different behaviour of PAHs is mentioned. The detailed instruction for the measurement using high-volume cascade impactor BGI 900 (Hi-Vol) is described. Cleaning, equilibration, weighting, protection against contamination of the substrates and technique of the measurement were introduced. The experiment was done: under the last teflon back-up filter the extra PUF substrate was placed, where after the air exposition the significant amounts of gaseous phase of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene were captured. The extent of the volatile PAHs capture correlated positively with the vapour pressure (ranging from 10-4 to 10-1 Pa.). The other measured PAHs (coronene, benzo(ghi)perylene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) with vapour pressure from 10-5 to 10-10 Pa were not captured. The experiment found out that polyurethane (PUF) substrates captured in noticeable amount the volatile phase of PAHs and therefore the correction for the capture of gaseous phase in the particle size fractions of PAHs was calculated. The deduction for the...
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