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Reality as Self, Thing and Their Relation
Jahoda, Lukáš ; Hill, James (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
The meaning of this work is to grasp the development of early-modern philosophy into "modern" philosophy on the basis of the subject-object issue, which is considered and demonstrated as ontologically entirely fundamental. The expression of this development is illustrated for reason of deeper clarification of the sense and meaning of modern philosophy. The ontology of early-modern philosophy is essentially determined through the categories of subject and object, self and thing. The most universal nature of this ontology is based on object of reality fixation which is self, thing, or both. The notions of self and thing are in this work introduced in their totality through the extreme positions of two early-modern philosophers. The demonstration of the extreme philosophy of the subject is Berkeley. The demonstration of the extreme philosophy of the object is Spinoza. On the basis of explication of their ontology is explicated the universal nature of early-modern ontology. The end of early-modern ontology and its transition into "modern" ontology happens through the reconstruction of the subject-object figure. The author of this reconstruction is Hegel. Reality is now placed neither into the subject neither into the object, but into their mutual relation.
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Fictionalism in law and morality
Janeček, Václav ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the theory of fictionalism concerning particularly morality and law. In the first section author makes explicit the difference between cognitivism and noncognitivism. Then he shows in the domain of morality what could be the deficiencies of these two theories. He argues that this possible weakness is caused by insufficient analyses of morality. The nature of morality is in fact ambiguous and this feature, given that our meta- ethic theory is to be serious, leads us to fictionalism. Fictionalism as a distinctive philosophical theory has its precedents. The most notable ones come from morality. The whole fourth chapter focuses on moral fictionalism which is to be understood as so called noncognitive factualism. Author tells us what the cons of this theory are. Within the last section we will see the analogy between morality and law which can be interpreted as fictionalism in law.
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The legacy of philosophical behaviourism: the concept of mind without minds
Soutor, Milan ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
The epistemological problem of unity and its development in the philosophy of Bertrand Russell is the main subject of this essay. The first chapter is devoted to naïve realism developed by G. E. Moore and adopted by early Russell. I explain the notion of objective unity of proposition. The second chapter concerns Russell's departure from naïve realism and the multiple relation of judgment which Wittgenstein's criticism rendered as fatally unable to handle the problem of synthetic unity. The breakdown of this theory led Russell to naturalism, which is the topic of the last chapter. I pay special attention to the regressive argument proposed in slightly different versions by Moore, L. Wittgenstein and G. Ryle. Keywords realism, neutral monism, behaviorism, unity, consciousness
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Vinculum substantiale
Kohout, Ondřej ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
In my bachelor's thesis, I focus on the hypothesis of a substantial bond ("vinculum substantiale") in Leibniz's later philosophy. I discuss the whole conception of a substance - main definitions and necessary implications, which have crucial importance for my thesis. After this ontological exposition, I continue with the interpretation of the Christian's mystery of the Eucharist. This one is very important for my thesis because the substantial bond was also meant to solve the problem of the transubstantiation. After these preliminary discussions, I try to show the most important aspects and interpretations of the substantial bond. The outcome of my thesis is a thorough explanation of this hypothesis.
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Human Nature by Benedict de Spinoza
Haiklová, Markéta ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
This paper consists of more parts. Firstly, it includes a theoretical introduction on Spinoza's concept of substance, substantial attributes and modes of extension and thought. The theoretical introduction serves as a background for the following examination of human nature in Spinoza's Ethics. In the chapters concerning human nature, which are introduced by chapters on intellect, imagination, memory and three different kinds of knowledge, our idea of "double nature" is presented. This characteristic of nature is deductible from the concept of adequate and inadequate knowledge and it becomes a presupposition for our further interpretation, which deals with the problem of parallelism/dualism of modes of extension and thought. This topic is treated in part V of Ethics where also the question of destruction of human body and the eternal part of mind is discussed.
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Maurice Drury and Ludwig Wittgenstein
Schmoranz, Tereza ; Hill, James (referee) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor)
The aim oj this essay is to "discover" for the Czech scholarly public a work of considerable importance for both the field of philosophy and the domain established on the borderline between philosophy and psychiatry. In a critical analysis oj the application ofWi ttgenstein 's philosophical method to some of the delicate problems of psychiatry, this essay intends to contribute to a deeper insight into the relationship between these fields and also to facilitate their interaction.
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