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Just War Theory and Humanitarian Intervention: Case of Kosovo
Šolc, Martin ; Kučera, Jan (advisor) ; Střítecký, Vít (referee)
The aim of the bachelor thesis is to assess the NATO military intervention in Kosovo from the spring 1999 in terms of international law and - first of all - the western just war theory. The thesis first focuses on the genesis of just war theory in the political philosophy of european Antiquity, Middle Ages and early Modern Age, which provides better understanding of the meaning of certain conditions which are necessary to fulfill in order to use force legitimately. The thesis further comes to conclusion that humanitarian intervention forms a legitimate part of contemporary just war theory. The theoretical part of thesis ends with definition of necessary and auxiliary just war criteria applicable to humanitarian intervention; there is also described the regulation of the use of force in international law. The thesis then proceeds to proper case study. After the history of conflict is briefly addressed, international law norms and just war criteria are applied to the NATO military intervention. The thesis concludes that the intervention was illegal: the conditions set by the UN Charter were not met nor was there to be found any customary norm which would provide the action of Alliance with a legal basis. On the other hand, the intervention proved to be legitimate in terms of just war theory: all of...
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Shell galaxies: kinematical signature of shells, satellite galaxy disruption and dynamical friction
Ebrová, Ivana ; Jungwiert, Bruno (advisor) ; Šubr, Ladislav (referee) ; Šolc, Martin (referee)
Title: Shell galaxies: kinematical signature of shells, satellite galaxy disruption and dynamical friction Author: Ivana Ebrová Department / Institute: Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: RNDr. Bruno Jungwiert, Ph.D., Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Abstract: Stellar shells observed in many giant elliptical and lenticular as well as a few spiral and dwarf galaxies presumably result from radial minor mergers of galaxies. We show that the line-of-sight velocity distribution of the shells has a quadruple-peaked shape. We found simple analytical expressions that connect the positions of the four peaks of the line profile with the mass distribution of the galaxy, namely, the circular velocity at the given shell radius and the propagation velocity of the shell. The analytical expressions were applied to a test-particle simulation of a radial minor merger, and the potential of the simulated host galaxy was successfully recovered. Shell kinematics can thus become an independent tool to determine the content and distribution of dark matter in shell galaxies up to ~100 kpc from the center of the host galaxy. Moreover we investigate the dynamical friction and gradual disruption of the cannibalized galaxy...
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Measurement of the magnetic properties of materials using LabVIEW
Šolc, Martin ; Bulín, Tomáš (referee) ; Huzlík, Rostislav (advisor)
In this thesis LabVIEW program and its development environment is described. After that the most used current transducers, their working principles and their properties are analyzed. Next part is dedicated to curves of magnetic hysteresis of ferromagnetic materials. Practical part of bachelor´s thesis is dedicated to measuring BH curves of torroidal core transformer. The measuring was made possible by LabVIEW program, using digital integration in LabVIEW, analog integration with RC cell, voltage converter and current transducer ITN 12-P Ultrastab. In the last part of the bachelor´s thesis I evaluate the measurements.
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Application of the Three-Body Problem in the form of exercises
Kolář, Karel ; Šolc, Martin (advisor) ; Franc, Tomáš (referee)
The main topic of this work is the Restricted Three-Body Problem (R3BP) which is illustrated by solving several examples and by simulations in computational system Wolfram Mathematica. The aim is to offer supplemetary material for university students and it can be used also as introduction to this topic for high school students. The first part is dedidated to history of celestial mechanics and to the people who contributed to the development of the R3B Problem. The second chapter consists of simplier tasks with definitions of basic quantities and variables and revision of the undisturbed two-body problem. Subsequent chapters are concentrated to Lagrange points, Jacobi integral, Hill surfaces, tidal force, Tisserand criterion, shape and evolution of close binary stars and other partial tasks.
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Astronomical research at Charles University in Prague from 1882 until the present time
Hyklová, Petra ; Šolc, Martin (advisor) ; Drozd, Zdeněk (referee)
Charles- Ferdinand University was split intu Czech and German universities in 1882. From then both parts were developing independently. Astronomical Institute of the German University was directed by eminent selenograph Ladislaus Weinek (from 1883 to 1913), Adalbert Prey (1918- 1930), Einstein's friend and the first director of the Einstein Institute in Potsdam Erwin Finlay Freundlich (1936 -1938) and Werner Schaub (1939 -1945). The German University was shut down in 1945. The Czech Astronomical Institute was found in 1887 by August Seydler. After Seydler's death the Institute was assumed by Gustav Gruss in 1892. From 1919 do 1943 Vladimir V. Heinrich was the head of the Institute, in 1953 -1967 it was Josef M. Mohr and 1970 1990 Vladimír Vanýsek. The direstors of the State Observatory, that became an independent state research institute after 1918, were František Nušl in 1920 -1938, Otto Seydl in 1938 -1948 and František Link in 1948- 1952. The State Observatory, including Ondřejov Observatory, became the Astronomical Institute of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
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Stellar mass-loss in the dynamics of galaxies
Křížek, Miroslav ; Jungwiert, Bruno (advisor) ; Šolc, Martin (referee)
We present an implementation of the statistical approach to the stars-gas mass exchange cycle into an N-body code. First, we summarize available data on stellar mass-loss and derive the time-dependency of the mass-loss rate of a single stellar population. Since the adopted probabilistic scheme that served as a basis for our implementation was limited to the linear star formation law while observations seem to suggest a non-linearity, we derive the non-linear star formation scheme. Both sides of the mass exchange cycle are then implemented into the code with stellar and gaseous particles and compared with an analytic recipe to test their reliability. In the next step, the comparison of such an extended statistical approach with deterministic scheme is performed for a fully dynamical model. The aim of the comparison is to explore divergence between both models of dierent natures. As an illustration of the code application and sensitivity of the resulting galaxy disk dynamics, several comparisons with varying the key parameters are performed.
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N-body simulations of shell galaxies
Ebrová, Ivana ; Jungwiert, Bruno (advisor) ; Šolc, Martin (referee)
Shell galaxies are ordinary elliptical galaxies that contain a fine structure in the form of concentric arcs with sharp edges in their luminous profile. This work contains a summary of our comprehensive study of the actual research and publications on this remarkable phenomenon, concerning both the observations as well as the numerical simulations. Along with it we present the results of our own simulations that broaden our view of the origin of the shells in a radial merger of a massive elliptical galaxy with a less massive one. We have introduced the dynamical friction into the simulation by semi-analytical means based on the Chandrasekhar formula. The main result is that the dynamical friction together with the gradual disintegration of the secondary galaxy that is also discussed can significantly affect the process of the shell formation and must be taken into consideration in their modelling. It turns out that the time scales on which the merger takes place are rather sensitive to the choice of the parameters. We present an estimate of their magnitude in different cases. The mass loss of the secondary galaxy during the merger mitigates the effect of the dynamical friction but does not make its role negligible.
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