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Myocardial tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury - possible protective mechanisms
Alánová, Petra ; Neckář, Jan (advisor) ; Nováková, Olga (referee) ; Vaněčková, Ivana (referee)
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The effects of ischemic heart disease are usually attributable to the detrimental effects of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of the thesis was to contribute to current effort to clarify the basis of mechanisms that could save the heart from I/R injury. The whole thesis is based on four studies; while the first three are published, the fourth one has been under revision. In the first study, we proved the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the cardioprotective mechanism of chronic hypoxia (CH). We described that exogenously increased availability of NO as well as inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 led to increased myocardial tolerance of normoxic and chronically hypoxic rats. The effects of both interventions were not additive, suggesting that NO is included in cardioprotective signaling of CH. Second study continued in investigating molecular mechanisms underlying cardioprotection induced by CH. We showed that infarct size-limiting effect of adaptation to CH was accompanied by increased myocardial concentration of tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and TNF-α receptor R2. In the third study, we examined the effect of dexrazoxane (DEX), the only clinically approved drug against...
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The upper limb amputation in terms of self-sufficiency
Uhrová, Lenka ; Vítová, Veronika (advisor) ; Nováková, Olga (referee)
The purpose of this work is to map problem activities of three areas of self-sufficiency by the people whose arm has been amputated. The second aim is to produce a information leaflet. The areas focused on are: feeding, dressing and hygiene. The target group includes the adults with the arm amputated, except for fingers. The research was done via a questionnaire. A theoretic part of this work contains a list of prosthetic tools and a division of prosthetic rehabilitation. A practical part focuses on the results of the survey. It contains a list of problem activities in individual areas of self-sufficiency and Occupational Therapy intervention of people with an arm amputated. It also compares an extent of self-sufficiency of individual respondents according to the type of the amputation.
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Effect of chronic hypoxia on antioxidative capacity of rat myocardium.
Závišková, Kristýna ; Nováková, Olga (advisor) ; Žurmanová, Jitka (referee)
Adaptation to chronic hypoxia activates endogenous signaling cascades, which lead to cardiac protection against acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully clarified yet. However, it was proved that reactive oxygen species (ROS) take part in cardioprotective signaling pathway inducted by chronic hypoxia. The high level of ROS must be precisely regulated by antioxidative system of a cell. The aim of diploma thesis was to examine the effect of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH, 7 000 m) on relative amount of antioxidative enzymes (peroxiredoxin 6 - PRX6, thioredoxin 1 and 2 - TRX1 and TRX2, thioredoxin reductase 1 - TRXR1) and also enzymes of iron metabolism (heme oxygenase 1 and 2 - HO1 and HO2, aconitase 1 and 2 - ACO1 and ACO2), which participate in regulation of cell redox state. Moreover, we studied the effect of adaptation to IHH and an antioxidant tempol on relative amount of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). iPLA2 can remove peroxidized fatty acids from membrane phospholipids. On the other hand, iPLA2 can damage cell in I/R conditions. All enzymes were studied in homogenates from normoxic and IHH adapted rat left ventricular myocardium by Western blot. Adaptation to IHH caused a decrease of PRX6 and on the opposite an increase of...
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Role of leptin and α1-adrenergic receptors in regulation of energy expenditure in A/J mice
Šárková, Jana ; Kopecký, Jan (advisor) ; Nováková, Olga (referee)
Obesity and associated disorders are becoming one of the most serious problems for healthcare systems in the developed countries. Possible treatment for obesity and the associated disorders would be to increase energy expenditure. It is known that leptin regulates food intake and energy expenditure, both among rodents and humans. Leptin acts directly on tissues and also indirectly by affecting hypothalamus and stimulation of sympathetic nervous system, involving α1-adrenergic receptors. The aim of the study was to establish if leptin and α1-adrenergic stimulation of peripheral tissues are important for resistance of A/J mice strain to obesity induced by high-fat diet. Unlike in mice of B6 strain, which are prone to obesity, in A/J mice, which are resistant to obesity, high-fat dietfeeding during two weeks after weaning led to increased leptin levels in blood. In A/J mice, phenylephrine, the agonist of α1-adrenergic receptors, induced increase of energy expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry. Circadian rhytmus of leptin levels in blood changed in dependance on diet in A/J mice strain. The results support a hypothesis that leptin-dependent adrenergic stimulation is important for control of energy expenditure, and hence for susceptibility to obesity. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Occupational therapy in pediatric rheumatology
Therová, Michaela ; Nováková, Olga (advisor) ; Krivošíková, Mária (referee)
The application of occupational therapy has been explored in pediatric rheumatology, with an emphasis to leisure activities and activities of daily living in junior school children with arthritis. The thesis consists of two parts - a theoretical and a practical section. The theoretical section offers a brief description of occupational therapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis with a specific attention given to polyarthritis. In addition, this section describes occupational therapy for children with arthritis plus various examinations being used by occupational therapists in these children. (CHAQ (The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire), JAHODA (Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report), grip ability examination and goniometry). The practical section includes six case reports of pediatric patients with arthritis, with a detailed description of leisure activities and activities of daily living. Examination outcomes of children with arthritis have been compared to a control population of five healthy children. The thesis objective is to explore how children with arthritis spend their leisure time, what daily activities and games are difficult to complete because of their condition and what activities are easy to complete. Based on data collected, a brochure for parents and...
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Role of oxidative stress in cardioprotection induced by exercise.
Kyclerová, Eva ; Nováková, Olga (advisor) ; Kašparová, Dita (referee)
Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in developed countries. It is known that heart muscle can activates endogenous protective pathways in response to stress, thereby increasing resistance against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Protective pathways involve many signaling molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role among them. ROS are applied in cardioprotection induced by various stimuli, such as chronic hypoxia, preconditioning and also physical exercise. It has been demonstrated that regular physical exercise naturally leads to the positive adaptation to protect heart against injury. The balance between production of ROS and their removal by antioxidant protection system is important for the right functioning of the heart. The overproduction of ROS occurs in pathological conditions such as an I/R leading to oxidative stress contributing to subsequent damage of heart. ROS may contribute not only to the injury but in the mild concentrations, resulting for example from physical exercise, ROS are important signaling molecules involved in series of events leading to cardioprotection. Slightly increased oxidative stress protects the heart by increasing the capacity of antioxidant system, stimulates angiogenesis, activates mitochondrial biogenesis and physiological...
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A study of adenosine receptors and their signaling in the rat myocardium
Eichlerová, Lenka ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Nováková, Olga (referee)
Adenosine plays a critical role in the heart signalling while affecting heart rate, contractility or coronary flow. Nowadays, four adenosine receptor subtypes are distinguished which are present in most of tissues and cells: A1, A2A, A2B and A3. All these receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Upon activation, their main target is an enzyme adenylyl cyclase which produces an important second messenger cAMP. The main goal of this thesis was characterization of adenosine receptors in the rat myocardium, assessment of their distribution, binding properties and signalling. We examined a possible disparity in receptors distribution between the left and right ventricles using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Western blotting. The same methods have been used in studies of adenosine receptor distribution in lipid rafts. Samples of lipid rafts and soluble fraction were prepared using a nonionic detergent Triton X-100. We did not find any evidence of different distribution between the left and right ventricles and our results did not confirm compartmentation of the receptors either. For determination of binding properties of the receptors we used radioligand binding assays with the A1 selective radioligand [H3 ]DPCPX. We did not observe any significant difference between the receptor...
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Radiation doses from low-dose CT in patients and medical staff by SPECT/CT
Kvasilová, Alena ; Nováková, Olga (advisor) ; Skibová, Daniela (referee)
"Low dose" CT (140 keV, 2,5 mA) Hawkeye produces significantly lower intensity of the beam than x-ray diagnostic CT. However, growing interest in hybrid SPECT/CT and the number of examinations require monitoring of additional dose in order to keep patients radiation burden as low as possible. Effective (E) and equivalent (HT) doses in several types of SPECT/CT examinations performed on scintillation camera Infinia/Hawkeye were calculated using "ImPACT CT Patient Dosimetry Calculator". The doses from "low-dose" CT have been compared with those from radionuclides used in SPECT. E values mean±SD (min-max) from "low-dose" CT was 1,86±0,13 (1,73-2,04) mSv in SPECT/CT of myocardial perfusion ( " T c - Myoview), 0,26±0,04 (0,20-0,37) mSv in SPECT/CT of parathyroid glands ("mTc-MIBI) and 0,83±0,52 (0,21-1,73) mSv in SPECT/CT of bone CmTc- MDP). In oncology SPECT/CT examinations, E from "low-dose" CT was 1,07±0,51 (0,45-2,25) mSv using mIn-Octreoscan and 1,16±0,48 (0,54-2,40) mSv using l23I-MIBG. The maximum E from "low-dose" CT was 11% of E from 2200 MBq "mTc-Myoview, 6% of E from 700 MBq "mTc-MIBI and 43% of E from 700 MBq "mTc-MDP. In oncology examinations E from "low-dose" CT was 21% of E from 200 MBq m 1 In-Octreoscan and 92% of E from 200 MBq I-MIBG. "Low-dose" CT does not increase effective doses of staff.
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