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Non-projectivity in English and Czech
Čermáková, Kristýna ; Malá, Markéta (referee) ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor)
This thesis analyzes non-projective constructions in English and Czech. It is based on the functional generative description of language and the analysis of material drawn from the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank, the Prague Dependency Treebank, and the British National Corpus. The theoretical part provides a brief characterization of phrase structure grammar and dependency grammar together with the definition of the fundamentals of the functional generative description, and the definition of non-projectivity. The analytical section presents a detailed comparative classification of non-projective structures in both languages. Individual types are studied from the perspective of differences between the surface structure and the underlying structure, demonstrating how the substitution of a non-projective clause for a projective one influences the topic-focus articulation and the meaning of the clause. The main objective is to define factors motivating non-projectivity in English and Czech, to compare them, and to determine whether it is marked or neutral type of discontinuity that prevails in each of the two languages.
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Contrastive topics in Czech
Veselá, Kateřina ; Uličný, Oldřich (referee) ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor)
This thesis - Contrastive Topics in Czech - describes some of syntactic and semantic characteristics of the experessions, called Contrastive Topics. Following theory of Functional Generative Description (p. Sgall, E. Hajičová and J. Panevová), author is trying to Bnd a ways to explain and verify several hypotheses of FGD by searching data of Prague Dependency Treebank. Prague Dependency Treebank is collection of czech sentence s, annotated on three levels of depth, namely the morphemic layer, the surface shape of sentences and tectogrammatical layer. The deep syntactic structure annotations in the Prague Dependency Treebank, the so-called tectogrammatical tree structures, capture three basic aspects of the underlying structure of sentences: the dependency tree structure, the kinds of dependency syntactic relations, and the basic characteristics of the topicfocus articulation. The basic characteristics of TF A are captured in two ways: the assignment of one of the three values of the TF A attribute attached to each node of the tree and the ordering of nodes in the tree according to the degrees of communicative dynamism (deep word order). Contrastive topics are special cases of contextually bound nodes, which appear in such sentences as Jemu jsem to neřekl - it is possible to express them by strong form of...
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Automatic Analysis of Temporal Relations Within a Discourse and Its Application Within a Machine Translation Framework
Němec, Petr ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Sgall, Petr (referee) ; Horák, Aleš (referee)
In this thesis we present a developed system of automatic analysis of temporal relations within a discourse for Czech and discuss possibilities to use the system to enhance a Czech-to-English machine translation system. We introduce the respective components related to this scenario: the scheme of annotation of temporal relations within a discourse, the created corpus annotated for temporality, the system of automatic analysis of temporal relations itself, the generative component of a Czech-to-English machine translation system producing English sentences and the experiments with improving the quality of this component by adding the information on temporal relations. Furthermore, in connection to the generative component, we present an implemented tree-rewriting formalism that allows for the required tree transformations.
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Parallel bi-directional Czech-French and French-Czech corpus: definition, design, buildup and exploitation
Svášek, Martin ; Pognan, Patrice (advisor) ; Hajičová, Eva (referee) ; Leonard, Jean Leonard (referee)
According to the title, the thesis is composed of three parts. At the beginning the author introduces the concept of a parallel corpus defining it as a set of texts in different (at least two) languages, composed of original-translation couples. A terminology is provided to name different sets of texts in different languages. To have a general overview of this specific field, readers can be acquainted with the present existing parallel corpus. A definition of the project for creating a bidirectional French-Czech Czech-French parallel corpus is given in order to use it in linguistic research, notably research upon inflected expressions. French and Czech texts composing the parallel corpus Fratchque come from literature; the author also gives the explanation regarding the reason why other kinds of texts have not been taken into account. This corpus, conceived for PC-based researches, exists only in digital format. Having in mind the purpose of representing modern language, only texts after the year 1945 have been selected. New couples of French-Czech Czech-French texts could be easily added thanks to the files structure stored on a hard disk and managed by ParaConc. The corpus is not marked up explicitly by XML tags because the tagging is not necessary for the proper functioning of ParaConc - this step,...
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Topic-focus articulation in biographical inscriptions and letters of the Middle Kingdom (dynasties 11-12)
Landgráfová, Renata ; Bareš, Ladislav (advisor) ; Hajičová, Eva (referee) ; Vachala, Břetislav (referee)
The dissertation is divided into two main parts - the text and the corpus. The corpus includes biographical texts and letters in transliteration and translation, and within it, biographical texts of the Middle Kingdom have been assembled (and some even translated) for the very first time. Properly analysed, these texts belong to the most important sources on Middle Kingdom history and ancient Egyptian mentality. The textual part deals, on the basis of examples from the corpus, with the role of Topic-Focus articulation within the still poorly understood verbal system. Topic-focus articulation plays an important role within the verbal system and some morphemes, such as the controversial particle jw or the reduplication of the so-called mrr=f form, encode special topic-focus articulation functions. Topicalisation and focalisation strategies are also considered and compared with the findings of general linguistics.
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Discourse relations in Czech and their representation in an annotated corpus of texts
Mladová, Lucie ; Zikánová, Šárka (referee) ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor)
The present thesis is a contribution to the widely discussed issue of how the syntactic structure of a sentence and the structure of discourse (text) are related. The syntactic sentence structure along with other language phenomena participates in building a coherent, comprehensible discourse. The author calls the syntactically motivated relations in discourse connective relations. These relations include coordinating relations and some of the subordinating relations within a sentence and, secondly, adjoining of discourse units across the sentence boundary. The explicit means of expressing connective relations are called discourse connectives. It is a group of language expressions that connect or adjoin discourse units while indicating the type of semantic relation between them, i. e. conjunctions, some subjunctions, particles and adverbials, and marginally also some other parts-of-speech. The present thesis describes the semantic category of discourse connectives in Czech on the basis of language data and their syntactic annotation in the Prague Dependency Treebank, and thus aims to contribute to the design of a language corpus annotation scenario capturing the discourse relations in Czech.
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Kontinuální plánování pro zajištění vzájemného porozumění v situovaném dialogu
Janíček, Miroslav ; Hajičová, Eva (referee) ; Kruijffová, Ivana (advisor)
The work investigates the problem of grounding-adding to common ground - in situated human-robot dialogues. Common ground, a special kind of mutual understanding among dialogue parties, is essential for any joint activity and as such is central to any interaction. In our approach, we treat dialogue just as a part of a wider collaborative activity, extending Thomason et al.'s approach to dialogue modelling based on abductive reasoning. Our system performs abduction over agents' (i.e. dialogue participants) beliefs, similarly as in the related field of multi-agent planning. We define beliefs as relational structures that are assigned a modal-logical semantics and show how common ground is achieved and maintained using these structures. Finally, we present an implementation of the system in a cognitive architecture of a robot in a scenario where the robot learns a correct model of a visual scene in a collaboration with a human tutor.
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A contrastive study of means expressing necessity in English and Czech
Šimůnková, Renata ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Dušková, Libuše (referee) ; Huschová, Petra (referee)
The dissertation investigates the structures of the semantic field of necessity in English and in Czech on the basis of means of expression found in eight works of contemporary fiction (four English books, four Czech books and their published translations). The aim of the thesi s is first to describe the structure of the semantic field in each individuallanguage and then compare the acquired data, determine the similarities and differences and discuss the potential causes of the differences and their consequences in connection with the accurate expression of necessity in both languages. The dissertation consists of three main parts: theoretical, empirical and the conclusion. The theoretical part is outlined as a broad general introduction into the problems of modality and then specifically of necessity. Apart form the delimitation and interpretation of the general concept of modality it focuses on the means of expression of necessity used in English and Czech and their comparison. In the empirical part the individua! means of expression found in the fiction are first discussed and compared within each individuallanguage (e.g. the distinctions between must and have to, or mustn 't and can 't are discussed in detail) and then between the two languages. The conclusion offers brief summaries of the outcomes of...
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Non-projectivity in English and Czech
Čermáková, Kristýna ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee)
This thesis analyzes non-projective constructions in English and Czech. It is based on the functional generative description of language and the analysis of material drawn from the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank, the Prague Dependency Treebank, and the British National Corpus. The theoretical part provides a brief characterization of phrase structure grammar and dependency grammar together with the definition of the fundamentals of the functional generative description, and the definition of non-projectivity. The analytical section presents a detailed comparative classification of non-projective structures in both languages. Individual types are studied from the perspective of differences between the surface structure and the underlying structure, demonstrating how the substitution of a non-projective clause for a projective one influences the topic-focus articulation and the meaning of the clause. The main objective is to define factors motivating non-projectivity in English and Czech, to compare them, and to determine whether it is marked or neutral type of discontinuity that prevails in each of the two languages.
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