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Possibilities of primary prevention of colorectal cancer in terms of nutrition
Stárková, Klára ; Holcátová, Ivana (advisor) ; Kudlová, Eva (referee)
This diploma thesis is devoted to the possibilities of primary prevention of colorectal cancer from the point of view of nutrition. Although the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer have been decreasing in the Czech Republic in recent years, it is still one of the most common cancers. It is a cancer, the occurrence of which can be influenced up to 50 % by a healthy lifestyle. The theoretical part is devoted to the latest findings in the field of influencing factors, although some have not yet been sufficiently explored. Processed meat, frequent modification of the diet by grilling, frying or baking (especially red meat and processed meat), overweight and obesity, regular alcohol consumption and smoking are identified as proven carcinogens. On the contrary, the protective factors are sufficient dietary fibre intake, sufficient physical activity and probably sufficient consumption of fish, milk and milk products, fruits and vegetables. In the practical part, two groups were examined - people aged 18-50 and patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Both groups were asked about eating habits, lifestyle factors and information about the possibilities of primary prevention of colorectal cancer. The assumption was that people aged 18-50 eat less risky and are better informed than patients...
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The impact of building isolation on CO2 concentration in flats
Čejková, Eliška ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
1 ABSTRACT This diploma work investigates the influence of thermal insolation at residential buildings on the concentration of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in indoor environment. The studied area is a housing estate of panel buildings (flats) in Sezimovo Ústí city. The present work notices a positive impact of thermal insolation on energy demands of buildings and it is mainly saving consumed heat energy which is also connected with emission lowering of carbon dioxide emissions. The main problem which is soluted in the work is that total insolation is usually done without any ventilation solution. It means that it has later a negative impact on indoor environment/air quality in flats. The main part if this work presents measurements of indoor air quality - CO2 concentration, air change rate, temperature and relative humidity in an insolated (with plastic windows) and a non-insolated (with the original wooden windows) flats. The measurement lasted for three days in selected pairs of flats - with plastic and wooden windows. The measuremet took place in bedrooms because the behaviour of residents of households was very similar during their sleep. The air change rate was then caculated from CO2 concentration decay during period of 3 hours without residents. The main aim is to quantify these differences. The conclusion...
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Characterisation of fine aerosol fraction (PM1) in the indoor environment - mass concentration and chemical composition
Řezáčová, Pavla ; Braniš, Martin (advisor) ; Schwarz, Jaroslav (referee) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
11 Abstract In the last decades great attention has been paid to the particulate matter with respect to its effects on human health. However, only recently have studies begun to examine finer PM size fractions. Despite an increasing number of the publications very little has been known about the PM1 size fraction, its concentration, chemical composition and the relationship to the coarse particles.. The present dissertation is aimed at characterisation of the particulate matter indoors and namely chemical composition of its fine size fraction PM1 (particles with the aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm) in the indoor environment. The sampling of particulate matter was carried out in Prague as a part of an EU-project "Urban Aerosol" EVK4-CT-2000-00018 during three (2 winter and 1 summer) approx. 30 days long campaigns. 24-hour samples of the PM1, PM2,5 a PM10 size fraction indoors and PM2,5 outdoors were collected. The average 24-hour PM10 outdoor concentrations from the nearest station of the Czech air quality monitoring system AIM obtained from the CHMI were used for comparison. PM1 concentrations were found in range from 8,1 µg m-3 (median for winter 2002) to 23 µg m-3 (median for winter 2003). PM1 represented a majority (more than 70%) of PM2,5 concentration and nearly 1/2 of PM10 concentration indoors....
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Methods of evaluation of microclimate conditions and light in students dormitory - comparison of new and old building
Cechel, Zbyszek ; Holcátová, Ivana (advisor) ; Dohnal, Karel (referee)
In my Bachelor Thesis I will deal with the evaluation of microclimatic conditions and artificial lighting in various rooms at two halls of residence. This evaluation concerns the following rooms: students' rooms, studies, halls, kitchens and bathrooms. Microclimate oriented measuring primarily includes ambient temperature, mean radiation temperature (globe temperature), air circulation rate and air humidity. I measured all these four parameters separately in each room. Upon the basis of these four main parameters and using a computer programme, I calculated other secondary microclimatic parameters which also participate in the overall microclimatic condition in a room and which must therefore by no means be disregarded. These particular parameters are stated below in the practical section as part of the individual evaluation of each measured room. The theoretical section of the Thesis also contains formulas which may be used for the calculation of the specific and exact value of a parameter which we may require by virtue of other data concerning or resulting from other microclimatic findings. In addition, I used the programme to calculate the recommended values (limits) of some of these parameters which should not be exceeded in any circumstances. In the event of their exceeding the set limits, the most...
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Process contaminants in food, their occurence and negative effects
Valchová, Jana ; Bušová, Milena (advisor) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
Process contaminants are yet just a few decades known substances that naturally occur in food in some heat treatments and are dangerous to human health. There are studies demonstrating their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Their long-term effects on human health are not yet known. The aim of the questionnaire survey, which was part of the work, was to map the eating habits of a population sample and their knowledge of food quality and safety. Questions have been asked about the frequency of usage of some of the risky heat treatments and the frequency of consumption of snacks and food, which often contain dangerous contaminants. Although the respondents are generally aware of the risks of some kinds of heat treatment of food such as frying, grilling, smoking and baking, the taste and smell of the diet often wins over the health safety. The issue of process contaminants is increasingly being addressed by institutions all around the world. However things that a common consumer can do for his health in this issue don't differ too much from the general recommendations on a healthy lifestyle - to use less harmful ways to heat food, to consume mainly fresh food, to eat enough fruits, vegetables and fiber and to be interested in the composition of the products which he purchases. keywords: process...
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The role of exposure assessment in development of risk reduction strategies for air quality
Bartoňová, Alena ; Braniš, Martin (advisor) ; Hůnová, Iva (referee) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
The relationship between deteriorated outdoor air quality and human health is one of the most studied environmental health issues. The concept of exposure, the link between environmental status and human health, has emerged in the late 1970's, recognizing that fixed monitoring stations do not represent concentrations at the places where persons spend time. Many advances have been made since. Characterizing the individual's exposure reduces uncertainty in links with health, but it implies a question about how exposure (as opposed to directly using concentrations) can be used in the regulatory process. This thesis addresses exposure assessment from several perspectives, with the aim to address its role in air quality management. We are interested in how to use exposure information for policy- and decision making, we investigate if a European-level subgroup-based exposure estimate can provide useful information for designing differentiated measures to protect specific groups, we design an exposure estimate for risk assessment in a specific situation with limited health and air pollution data, and we describe the challenges of the inherent inter-disciplinarity and suggest how to deal with them. We introduce the "full chain" approach to environmental health that links policy - pollution source -...
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Dietary load by selected food contaminants
Hábová, Markéta ; Bušová, Milena (advisor) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
This thesis deals with food from the point of view of the content of constituents, especially contaminants. The health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated foods are mentioned, and a more detailed look is given to heavy metals. The monitoring of dietary contaminant load in the Czech Republic and the method of ensuring food safety are described. Special attention is paid to the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). The practical part is devoted to the analysis of the notifications in the heavy metals hazard category shared in RASFF by the member countries in the period January 2020 to April 2021. A total of 116 notifications were submitted by 16 countries, concerning 117 above-limit occurrences of heavy metals in food. 44 notifications were classified as the alert notification, 56 as the information notification and 16 as the border rejection notification. 92% of the notifications are classified as serious in the context of a risk decision. The most frequently taken measure was the destruction of the contaminated food and/or its withdrawal from the market. Mercury was the subject of 57 notifications, cadmium was cited 46 times, lead 12 times and arsenic 2 times. Cadmium was present in cephalopods (43.5%), fish (15.2%) and to a lesser extent in foods from other groups....
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Process contaminants in food, their occurence and negative effects
Valchová, Jana ; Bušová, Milena (advisor) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
Process contaminants are yet just a few decades known substances that naturally occur in food in some heat treatments and are dangerous to human health. There are studies demonstrating their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Their long-term effects on human health are not yet known. The aim of the questionnaire survey, which was part of the work, was to map the eating habits of a population sample and their knowledge of food quality and safety. Questions have been asked about the frequency of usage of some of the risky heat treatments and the frequency of consumption of snacks and food, which often contain dangerous contaminants. Although the respondents are generally aware of the risks of some kinds of heat treatment of food such as frying, grilling, smoking and baking, the taste and smell of the diet often wins over the health safety. The issue of process contaminants is increasingly being addressed by institutions all around the world. However things that a common consumer can do for his health in this issue don't differ too much from the general recommendations on a healthy lifestyle - to use less harmful ways to heat food, to consume mainly fresh food, to eat enough fruits, vegetables and fiber and to be interested in the composition of the products which he purchases. keywords: process...
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Characterisation of fine aerosol fraction (PM1) in the indoor environment - mass concentration and chemical composition
Řezáčová, Pavla ; Braniš, Martin (advisor) ; Schwarz, Jaroslav (referee) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
11 Abstract In the last decades great attention has been paid to the particulate matter with respect to its effects on human health. However, only recently have studies begun to examine finer PM size fractions. Despite an increasing number of the publications very little has been known about the PM1 size fraction, its concentration, chemical composition and the relationship to the coarse particles.. The present dissertation is aimed at characterisation of the particulate matter indoors and namely chemical composition of its fine size fraction PM1 (particles with the aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm) in the indoor environment. The sampling of particulate matter was carried out in Prague as a part of an EU-project "Urban Aerosol" EVK4-CT-2000-00018 during three (2 winter and 1 summer) approx. 30 days long campaigns. 24-hour samples of the PM1, PM2,5 a PM10 size fraction indoors and PM2,5 outdoors were collected. The average 24-hour PM10 outdoor concentrations from the nearest station of the Czech air quality monitoring system AIM obtained from the CHMI were used for comparison. PM1 concentrations were found in range from 8,1 µg m-3 (median for winter 2002) to 23 µg m-3 (median for winter 2003). PM1 represented a majority (more than 70%) of PM2,5 concentration and nearly 1/2 of PM10 concentration indoors....
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The occurence and adverse health effects of acrylamide in food
Grassová, Sandra ; Bušová, Milena (advisor) ; Holcátová, Ivana (referee)
AJ Acrylamide belongs to the group of process contaminants originating in foods with a high carbohydrate content during the heat process, as baking, frying, grilling, etc. For people is industrially producing acrylamide neurotoxic and according to IARC is classified probably as human carcinogen. Acrylamide which is occured in foods, probably makes up 1/3 of daily energy supply. The Bachelor thesis tries to give a comprehensive overview in the theoretical part information about Acrylamide - a description of its physical and chemical character, possibility of its industrial use, possibility of its exposure and dietary intake, information on its toxicity, occurrence and incidence in foods, the way of its elimination and finally its posibility of analytical determination. In the laboratory, the amount of acrylamide was determinated by the LC/MS method in selected foods. Of the 42 samples, acrylamide was not detected in 2 samples of extruded breakfast cereals. The lowest content of acrylamide was determined in extruded breakfast cereals (45 μg.kg-1 ), roasted muesli and cornflakes. The amount of acrylamide in these commodities ranged from 45-279 μg.kg-1 . Average values Acrylamide were contained in biscuits. The highest values were measured for potato chips and corn popcorn, from 83 to 1550 μg.kg-1 and...
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