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Comparartion of L. Feuerbach and D. Durkheim in Relation to Religion
Kašpar, Oldřich ; Šanderová, Jadwiga (advisor) ; Horák, Vít (referee)
This dissertation is a comparison of L. Feuerbach and E. Durkheim and their approach to religion. Specifically, it describes their books, "The Essence of Christianity", and "Elementary Forms of Religious Life". My aim is to discover topics across both authors who study religious systems agree in spite of differing theoretical background. Initially, both authors are analyzed separately, and later they are brought together in the converging section. The main issues discussed in the converging part are the approach to the origins of god and faith, the approach to soul, and the approach to the interconnection of religion and society. This comparison shows that through completely different arguments the authors are able to come to an agreement about the influence of religion on an individual or a social group. Furthermore, it discusses the fusing of religious systems and society. Durkheim thinks this interconnectedness is functional and it may lead to cohesion of small social groups. Feuerbach argues that the redirection of faith from man to god can lead to alienation, yet still he agrees with Durkheim that it is an important social phenomenon that bounds together individuals and society. Feuerbach represents philosophical investigation, while Durkheim's approach is more sociological, resembling partly...
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Contemporary Forms of Buryatian Shamanism
Havlíček, Marek Aurel ; Kašpar, Oldřich (advisor) ; Bělka, Luboš (referee) ; Fukas, Andrej (referee)
RESUMÉ V ANGLICKÉM JAZYCE Since the 1980s, a revival of religious traditions, whose continuity was disrupted considerably in the Soviet-era Russia, has been in motion in the entire area of Siberia and Central Asia, among the so called 'rooted nations'. While major religious groups, such as buddhism and islam, could successfully pick up the threads of their religious traditions thanks to their written resources; religions based mainly on oral transmission are facing the opposite situation, shamanism not being an exception. Intense tension coming from the spirituality of their own ethnic traditions, which spontaneously opened after many years of the Communist secularization, in the case of shamanism hit the barriers of how to adequately re- establish the disrupted traditions (lack of living bearers and experts on their own traditions, initiated and uninitiated shamans, and other ceremony specialists, ignorance of symbolism). The whole process of rebirth, revival or revitalisation of shamanism is entirely consistent with the context of current issues concerning constituent societies, which naturally carries the legacy of Soviet culture. Political and economic changes in the post- Soviet space also enabled the bearers of traditions to become open to a wide range of new influences from abroad. Revitalization...
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War Ceremonies of Nahua Ethnics
Černý, Martin ; Kašpar, Oldřich (advisor) ; Korecká, Zuzana (referee)
This work deals with specifics of nahua war traditions during the conquest of Mexico. Following text contains description of process of nahua war campaigns, usual tactics and war rituals, which were practiced in battles and after them. Goal of this work is to describe external manifestations of war ceremony, and explain, how these manifestations are connected with nahua religion. Next goal si to describe adaptation of nahua tactics to "unusual" way of fighting, used by Spaniards. Text is based on comparison of spanish and native historical sources.
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Mesoamerica within the classical era: the case Teotihuacan
Krajáková, Kristýna ; Korecká, Zuzana (advisor) ; Kašpar, Oldřich (referee)
The goal of this bachelor thesis is to explain basic culture and social configuration of the mesoamerican city Teotihuacan, which had in the first millenium AD great influence on mexican highland and surrounding regions for at least five hundreds years, and which, despite its fiery destruction, has survived and remained unseparable part of Mesoamerican culture area, even if perhaps only like destructed religious site or like a hidden culture inovator and bearer. Teotihuacan was important Mesoamerican urban center that by its size and level of social organization uncommonly exceeded qualities of other city-like sites on American continent. Its estimated population in sixth century AD was probably around 200 000 people, which makes it the sixth largest city on Earth in that time. The name of the city derives from couple centuries older Aztec language nahuatl and means "the place where men become Gods". This and much more non-original designation are based on we have very little historical sources and so it's diffuclt to uncover ethnic identity or spoken language of Teotihuacan residents. Thus the work of contemporary scholars lies mostly on archeological research in the site itself or areas related historically by trade and politics. Most frequently they are dealing with architecture objects, mural...
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Georgius Josephus Camel and his Work: Jesuit Bohemics of an Ethnobotanical Charcter in SE Asia in the 17th ant 18th Centuries
Pokorný, Ondřej ; Kašpar, Oldřich (advisor) ; Halbich, Marek (referee) ; Hlúšek, Radoslav (referee)
The main objective of the work is to expand the state of knowledge on the early contacts of the Czech lands with the area of SE Asia, e.g. the missionary Georgius Josephus Camel. In the introduction of the work, the author evaluates the current state of knowledge of the topic. A brief historical excursion follows into the more general issue of the European presence in SE Asia and the history of the Society of Jesus in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and in the Philippines. Other chapters deal with the significance of the mission itself, the requirement of everyday mission activity and using archival materials come closer to the milieu in which the missionaries lived. A brief introduction to the history of botany with a look at the area of SE Asia then concludes the first part of the work. The second part of the work is devoted to the figure of G. J. Camel, a missionary from the Czech provenance of the Society of Jesus, who at the turn of the eighteenth century worked in the Philippines. A detailed biography informs on the important events of his life and predominantly then on his botanical, pharmacological and ethnobotanical interest. Other chapters describe Camel's contacts with preeminent scientists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the importance of his work in the period context and also a...
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Cultural contributions of muslims to the Western civilization
Procházková, Dominika ; Kašpar, Oldřich (advisor) ; Korecká, Zuzana (referee)
Following work deals with cultural benefits of muslims to the European civilization, especially in area of Spain. (Historical Al-Andalus). The Introduction deals with overall benefits in science (mathematics, astronomy, medicine), economy and trade, culture, and influences in religion. Main part of work is devoted to description of arabian medieval music in Spain, and Ziryab, musician who was significantly involved in importing arabian music. Last part deals with modern arabian music in recent western civilization.
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Religous-political Aspects of Culture of Martyrdom in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Čech, Libor ; Vrhel, František (advisor) ; Hyánková, Tereza (referee) ; Kašpar, Oldřich (referee)
The presented doctoral thesis examines character and significance of the culture of martyrdom (farhang-e shahadat) in contemporary Iranian society with a particular emphasis on delimitation religious-political dimension of this phenomenon and determination of causes and implications of relatively recent reinterpretation which has radically shifted this culture from the religious-spiritual sphere to the political-ideological and even revolutionary. On the one hand, the thesis deals with a complex view of mechanism and manners of the utilization of the Karbala paradigm as the instrument for formulation of politically (and otherwise) motivated aims by different spectres of power structures of the ruling establishment and diverse oppositional social movements and on the other hand it reflects its apolitical standpoint associated with a spiritual experience of believers, which proceeds from the popular religion. These aspects of the political and religious boundary of the culture of martyrdom are examined in detail and given in the context of current socio-political reality. The thesis also strives for presenting of arguments founded on the premise which defines the culture of martyrdom as an essential source for constructing of identities and strengthening of solidarity among Iranian Imami Shi'ites,...
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Translation and interpretation of the chronicles of Andrés de Tapia and Francisco de Aguilar
Vongreyová, Jana ; Kašpar, Oldřich (advisor) ; Jetmarová, Jana (referee)
The purpose of this thesis is a translation and analysis of the two direct participants of the conquest of Mexico, Andrés de Tapia and Francisco de Aguilar. The actual translation is enriched with notes, based on information available in Czech literature, and in the last Spanish edition of the chronicles from Germán Vázquez Chamorro. Preliminary studies contain the description of the biographies of the conquistadors, a detailed analysis of their chronicles and comparison of their works with two other conquerors, Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo, whose works are available in Czech translation. These four, also with the conqueror Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia, create a group named "soldiers chroniclers" (soldados cronistas - by Jorge Gurria Lacroix). They are the only direct participants of the conquest of Mexico, which chronicles are known so far. Therefore are unique, but very limited source for ethnographic study of pre-colombian cultures, which were shortly after the conquest permanently destroyed. The aim of the analysis of the chronicles is therefore to highlight particular ethnographic information of indigenous cultures, and thus the material and spiritual culture, religion, the population of cities, the architecture, etc. The thesis is accompanied by the register of personal names, names of...
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Mexican nation: revitalisation tendencies and shift in attitude towards its own cultural heritage
Koháková, Magdalena ; Kašpar, Oldřich (advisor) ; Korecká, Zuzana (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the development of attitude of the Mexican nation towards its own pre-Cortes cultural heritage since the Conquista until present with special focus on the most influential phenomena that shaped this attitude. Out of all historical, cultural and ideological turmoils, the reign of the post-Revolution intelligencia was the strongest such phenomenon. In its works, the intelligencia stressed the pre-Cortes history of Mexico. Their aim, however, was not to praise complexity and development of pre-Cortes cultures, but, to enhance nationalist propaganda and define Mexico against Spain and the USA. I argue that the attitude of the Mexican nation towards its pre-Cortes cultural heritage, albeit latent and inarticulate in contemporary society, can be investigated through the analysis of relationship of Mexicans towards la tierra, the earth, and that it was greatly influenced by education which was often (ab)used by hegemonic ideologies for maintaining their own interpretation of history.
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