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THE AUDIO COMPONENT IN TEACHING CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Smrčková, Tereza ; Šebesta, Karel (advisor) ; Mašín, Jaroslav (referee)
(in English): This thesis deals with the issues of teaching listening in Czech as a foreign language. It is based on studying theoretic sources, structured observing and the comparison of didactic materials, on questionnaires and informal interviews. In its theoretical part, it brings a brief overview of present knowledge in this field, using predominantly foreign sources that deal with teaching English as a foreign language. The second part enables the comparison of various didactic materials from the points of view acquired in the previous chapter, and it also provides an overview of the typology of listening tasks, including their evaluation. The last chapter designs some new sample materials based on what has been found out about their imperfections in this field so far, and it also mentions some suitable resources for designing the new listening tasks. The merit of this thesis on the theoretical level consists of making the main results of contemporary Anglo-American science accessible for the Czech auditory, on the practical level it lies in presenting an overall list of listening tasks and showing (in the Czech materials) some so far unknown possibilities of teaching the listening comprehension, these alternatives being accompanied with practical examples.
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Didactic usage of video in Teaching Czech as a foreign language
Šturmová, Kateřina ; Mašín, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Šormová, Kateřina (referee)
Usage of a video at real-time Czech lessons (not distantly through YouTube) presents to students a very attractive way of learning a language and the socio- cultural competence quickly and entertainingly. The aim of this paper is to sum up findings of the specialized literature and to create special videos useable in foreign language classes of A0/A1 level based on those findings. The videos will be focused on development of sociocultural competence, the themes shall be following: 1.Lesson of the good manners in the Czech environment part 1. (formal X informal language) 2. Lesson of the good manners in the Czech environment part 2. ( Traveling with the Public transport, how to behave) 3. Holidays ( Christmas, Easter ) The empiric part of this thesis will be based on the hypothesis that using video in the classroom will make the acquisition of the sociocultural competence easier. The video materials will be shown in a couple of groups of student at the A0/A1 level while couple of group of other student will study without them. Those students shall get the competence through printed materials (for example books or materials prepared ad hoc by the teacher) and explanation of the teacher. There will also be prepared some supporting activities related to the videomaterials in order to confirm the...
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The role of fatty acylation in activity of proteins
Grobarčíková, Michaela ; Mašín, Jiří (advisor) ; Petráčková, Denisa (referee)
Post-translational modifications are covalent and generally enzyme-mediated modifications of proteins. These modifications can serve to create active forms of proteins and they can also expand the cellular repertoire of proteins derived from standard amino acids. Known post-translational modifications include for example phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, proteolysis and also acylation discussed in more detail in this thesis. Acylation of proteins, the covalent attachment of an acyl group, is a very frequent protein modification. This reaction is typically mediated by specific acyl transferases and involves transport of an acyl group from a donor to an amino acid residue. A diverse spectrum of cellular proteins is post-translationally acylated and therefore become biologically active. This phenomenon occurs in bacterial toxins, which are important factors of the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Protein lipidation regulates numerous biological pathways such as membrane targeting, protein secretion, cell signaling, and apoptosis. Posttranslational acylation is also required for Ras activity and many other cancer-causing proteins. Therefore, inhibitors of acyltransferases of these proteins are being tested as targets for antitumor drugs. In this work, findings about individual types of...
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The role of posttranslational modifications in action of bacterial toxins
Hudáčková, Kristýna ; Mašín, Jiří (advisor) ; Večerek, Branislav (referee)
Posttranslational modifications of proteins are a widespread mechanisms used by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for increase the diversity of the proteome by the addition of functional groups, proteins, proteolytic cleavage of regulatory subunits, or degradation of entire proteins. These modifications include for example phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, lipidation, ubiquitination or proteolysis and affect almost all aspects of cell biology and pathogenesis. Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence factors. Many of these bacterial toxins use posttranslational modification for their activation, as for example listeriolysin O, toxins of Bacillus anthracis or clostridial toxins. Large group of bacterial toxins activated by fatty acid are RTX (from Repeats-in-ToXin) toxins of Gram-negative pathogens, including Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin or α-hemolysin secreted by uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
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Adenylate cyclase toxin of bacteria Bordetella pertussis: mechanism of potassium efflux from macrophages
Pospíšilová, Eva ; Mašín, Jiří (advisor)
The adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (ACT or CyaA) is a key virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the human respiratory disease whooping cough. CyaA penetrates phagocytes expressing the CD11b/CD18 integrin and exhibits two different activities. One toxin conformer oligomerizes in cell membrane and permeabilizes it by forming small cation-selective pores. Another toxin conformer appears to act as monomer. It forms a calcium influx path in the membrane, concomitantly with translocating into cells the adenylate cyclase enzyme domain that binds calmodulin and catalyzes unregulated conversion of cytosolic ATP into cAMP. We show here that CyaA causes efflux of K+ from CD11b+ cells by a mechanism that requires binding of CyaA to integrin CD11b/CD18 and permeabilization of the cellular membrane by pore-forming conformer of CyaA. Intact CyaA and the enzymatically inactive CyaA-AC- toxoid unable to generate cAMP produced the same kinetics of K+ efflux showing that elevation or signaling of cAMP had no role in this activity. The truncated CyaA variant (CyaA-AC) devoid of its invasive AC domain failed to promote K+ efflux despite a normal pore forming activity on erythrocyte and artificial membranes. However, binding of the MAb 3D1, which recognizes the distal segment of the AC domain...
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Interaction of pathogenic Bordetella species with host cells
Čurnová, Ivana ; Petráčková, Denisa (advisor) ; Mašín, Jiří (referee)
Most of the members of the Gram-negative genus Bordetella cause severe infections of the respiratory tract in their hosts. B. pertussis and specific lineages of B. parapertussis infect humans and cause the disease known as whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease that is currently on the rise even in highly vaccinated populations. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the B. pertussis interactions with the host is crucial. B. pertussis produces a great variety of virulence factors, majority of which is regulated by the two- component BvgAS system. These factors assist the pathogen in the colonization of the host and evasion of the host immune system. The studies on host-pathogen interactions use both in vitro and in vivo infection models, which complement each other appropriately. Recently, it was demonstrated that B. pertussis escape killing and persists in macrophages, suggesting that B. pertussis can be considered as a facultative intracellular pathogen. This ability may allow the pathogen cells to persist within the host and potentially spread to the new host. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to summarize the knowledge on the host-pathogen interactions between B. pertussis and its host with focus on in vitro and in vivo infection models. The attention is paid especially...
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Mode of action of the 4th generation of antibacterial compounds lipophosphonoxins
Helusová, Michaela ; Mikušová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Mašín, Jiří (referee)
Lipophosphonoxins are small synthetic antimicrobials targeting the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. This thesis focuses on comparison of three lipophosphonoxins which differ in the number of carbons in its modules and in antimicrobial and hemolytic activity. The most promising candidate compound is lipophosphonoxin 7072 showing good antimicrobial activity as well as low hemolytic activity. Other two tested lipophosphonoxins are 7070 displaying high hemolytic activity and weakly antibacterial lipophosphonoxin 7107. The pore-forming activity of lipophosphonoxins is investigated using model membranes as well as living bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results show that small difference in structure can fundamentally affect the activity of these molecules. Lipophosphonoxins 7072 a 7070 display equal antibacterial activity against tested bacteria by forming pores in the bacterial membrane. Bacteria rapidly die of loss of membrane potential caused by lipophosphonoxins. The high hemolytic activity of the compound 7070 is probably related with its preference for uncharged membranes. The weak antimicrobial activity of 7107 is caused by its capability to form only small pores and its incapability to overcome and disrupt the outer membrane. Key words: antimicrobial agents,...
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Mechanism of action of bacterial toxins elevating the cAMP in host cells
Lepesheva, Anna ; Mašín, Jiří (advisor) ; Petráčková, Denisa (referee)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an universal second messenger that regulates a large number of molecular mechanisms inside the eukaryotic cell. The level of synthesized cAMP is tightly regulated by endogenous adenylatecyclase (AC), and therefore this enzyme is often a target for various bacterial toxins. To manipulate intracellular cAMP levels in a target cell, bacteria have developed two different strategies for their toxins. Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA), Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxinY have in their structure an enzymatic AC domain which is activated by an intracellular cofactor and has several times higher activity than the eukaryotic AC enzyme itself. Other toxins, such as Bordetella pertussis pertussis toxin (PT), Vibrio cholerae cholera toxin (CT), and Escherichia coli heat labile toxin use ADP-ribosylation reaction of AC-coupled heterotrimeric G proteins to increase its activity and uncontrolled cAMP production. This work presents a literature search with accent on the molecular mechanism of interaction of these toxins with the target cell. Keywords: bacterial pathogens, virulence factors, intracellular cAMP elevation, bacterial toxins, adenylatecyclase (adenylylcyclase), Bordetella pertussis, Vibrio cholerae,...
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Life strategy of facultatively intracellular pathogenic bacteria
Fejková, Kateřina ; Lišková, Petra (advisor) ; Mašín, Jiří (referee)
Facultative intracellular patogenes have the ability to grow and survive inside and also outside of cell. This is giving them a selective advatage and also better access to nutrients, protection from extracellular components of immune system and variable conditions outside of the cell. Bacteria Francisella tularensis and Listeria monocytogenes are able to resist the defence mechanisms of immune system, enter the macrophages and non-profesional phagocytes for example hepatocytes or endothelium, prevent bactericidal processes in phagosome, replicate in cytosol and resist cell death processes until they are ready to leave the infected cell and spread to another cell. For this displacement between cells is Listeria monocytogenes using actin, whereas in Francisella tularensis the mechanism is not entirely clear. The description of the mechanism of these processes in pathogens Francisella tularensis and Listeria monocytogenes is the subject of this bachelor thesis. Key words: bacterial pathogen, facultative, intracellular, Francisella tularensis, Listeria monocytogenes
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